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DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 

BUREAU OF FISHERIES 

GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner 



THE SALMON. FISHERIES OF THE 
PACIFIC COAST 



Bureau of Fisheries Document No, 751 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1911 



DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR 

BUREAU OF FISHERIES 

GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner 



THE SALMON FISHERIES OF THE 
PACIFIC COAST 



Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 751 



» 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1911 



c^ 












THE SALMON FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST 

By John N. Cobb 

Assistant Agent at the Salmon Fisheries of Alaska 



Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 751 



W% 



CONTENTS 



Pap;p. 

Introduction '. 5 

I. The species of salmon and the runs 6 

Chinook, quinnat, or king salmi in 6 

Sockeye, blueback, or red salmon 8 

Silver or coho salmon 9 

Humpback or pink salmon 10 

Dog or chum salmon 11 

SI ' selhead ( rout 11 

II. Fishing grounds and history of the fisheries L2 

Wa sh ington 12 

Columbia River 13 

Oregon 15 

California 18 

Alaska 21 

III. Apparatus and methods of the fisheries 23 

Gill nets 23 

Haul seines 24 

Diver nets 25 

Dip nets 25 

Squaw nets 25 

Purse seines 26 

Traps, or pound nets 27 

Indian traps 29 

Wheels 30 

Reef nets 32 

Trolling 32 

Bow and arrow 34 

Spear and gaff 34 

IV. Fishermen and other employees 35 

V. Fishery regulations 37 

Controversial forms of apparatus 37 

Laws and their enforcement 40 

VI. Methods of preparing salmon 46 

( 'aiming 46 

Early days of the indusl ry 46 

Handling the salmon 49 

Dressing 50 

Cutting 50 

Salting 51 

Filling the cans 51 

Washing the cans 52 

Capping 53 

Soldering 53 

Testing 54 

Cooking 54 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

VI. Methods of preparing salmon — Continued. 

Canning — Continued. Page. 

Sanitary, or solderless, cans 55 

Repairing cans 56 

Lacquering 57 

Labeling 58 

Brands 59 

Boxing or casing 60 

Can making 60 

Mild curing 60 

Pickling 62 

Dry salting 62 

Smoking 63 

Freezing 64 

Miscellaneous products 65 

Oil and fertilizer 66 

VII. Statistics of the Pacific salmon industry for 1909 68 

Persons employed 68 

Investment 68 

Products 70 

Products canned 70 

Miscellaneous products 73 

Washington 74 

Statistics by counties 75 

Statistics by waters 83 

Columbia River 90 

Oregon 92 

Statistics by counties 92 

Statistics by waters 97 

California 105 

Statistics by counties 108 

Statistics by waters 112 

Alaska 115 

British Columbia 119 

VIII. Statistical data for other years J 21 

Canning industry of Pacific coast of North America from 1864 to 1910. 121 

Canning industry shown by species and waters 123 

Pickling industry 136 

Mild-curing industry 137 

IX. Trade with outlying possessions 138 

X. Foreign trade in salmon 140 

Exports of canned salmon 140 

Exports of fresh and cured salmon 149 

Imports of fresh salmon 152 

Imports of cured salmon 153 

XI. Salmon culture 154 

California 154 

Oregon 159 

Columbia River and tributaries 164 

Washington 168 

British Columbia 172 

Alaska 174 



THE SALMON FISHERIES OF THE PACIFIC COAST 



By John N. Cobb, 
Assistant Agent at the Salmon Fisheries of Alaska. 



INTRODUCTION. 



The most valuable commercial fisheries in the world, excepting 
only the oyster and herring fisheries, are those supported by the sal- 
mons. Of these the most important by far are the salmon fisheries 
of the Pacific coast of North America, where California, Oregon, 
Washington, and Alaska, including also British Columbia, possess 
industries representing millions of dollars of investment and millions 
of output annually. No published reports contain data for the en- 
tire coast, or have pertained to the same year for both Alaska and 
the States. In the following pages, containing the returns from a 
canvass occupying several months, the data are complete for the 
United States coast and Alaska for the year 1909, and to make the 
report more comprehensive, historical and geographical aspects of 
the subject, as well as methods of the fisheries and allied industries, 
are discussed at some length. Figures for British Columbia have 
been included also, so far as possible, the official reports of the 
Dominion of Canada and of the Province itself having been drawn 
upon for this purpose. The statistics for Alaska are taken from 
the already printed (1909) report of Mr. Millard C. Marsh and the 
present writer. 

" The fisheries of Alaska in 1909. By M. C. Marsh and J. N. Cobb, agents at the salmon 
fisheries of Alaska. Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 730. 1910. 



I. THE SPECIES OF SALMON AND THE RUNS. 

The Pacific coast salmons are all included in the genus Oncorhyn- 
chus. With them the fishermen incorrectly class the steelhead trout, 
which really belongs to the closely related genus Salmo. 

As long ago as 1731 the species of Oncorhynchus were first made 
known by Steller, who, almost simultaneously with Krascheninikov, 
another early investigator, distinguished them with perfect accuracy 
under their Russian vernacular names. In 1792 Walbaum adopted 
these vernacular names in a scientific nomenclature for these fishes. 

Five species of salmon (Oncorhynchus) are found in the waters 
of the north Pacific, ranging northward from Monterey Baj^ on 
the American coast and Japan on the Asiatic, the extreme northern 
distribution of certain of the species having not yet been accurately 
determined. The five species are: (1) Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, 
quinnat, tyee, chinook, spring, or king salmon; (2) Oncorhynchus 
nerka, blueback, red, sukkegh, or sockeye salmon; (3) Oncorhynchus 
kisutch, silver, coho, or white salmon; (4) Oncorhynchvx keta, dog or 
chum salmon; and (5) Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, humpback or pink 
salmon. 

CHINOOK, QUINNAT, OR KING SALMON. 

The largest, best known, and most valuable of these is the chinook 
or king salmon (0. tschawytscha). It is found throughout the 
region from the Ventura River, Cal., to Norton Sound, Alaska, and 
on the Asiatic coast as far south as northern China. As knowledge 
extends, it will probably be recorded in the Arctic. 

In the spring the body is silvery, the back, dorsal fin, and caudal 
fin having more or less of round black spots, and the sides of the 
head having a peculiar tin-colored metallic luster. In the fall the 
color is. in some places, black or dirty red. The fish has an average 
weight of about 22 pounds, but individuals weighing 70 to over 100 
pounds are occasionally taken. One was caught near Klawak, 
Alaska, in 1900, which weighed 101 pounds without the head. The 
Yukon River is supposed to produce the finest examples, although 
this supposition is not based on very reliable observations. The 
southeast Alaska fish average as high as 23 pounds in certain sea- 
sons, followed by an average of about 22 pounds in the Columbia 
River, and about 16 pounds in the Sacramento. 
6 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 7 

In most places the flesh is of a deep salmon red, but in certain 
places, notably southeast Alaska, Bristol Bay, Puget Sound, and 
British Columbia, many of the fish, the proportion being sometimes 
as much as one-third of the catch, have white flesh. A few examples 
have been taken with one side of the body red and the other white, 
while some are found with mottled flesh. No reasonable explanation 
of this phenomenon has yet been given. 

In its southern range the quinnat strikes in at Monterey Bay in 
sufficient numbers to justify commercial fishing about the middle of 
April, where it is seen feeding upon the inshore moving schools of 
herring and sardines, continuing until in August. There are two 
runs of spawning fish in the Sacramento, the first or " spring run " 
beginning in April and continuing throughout May and June, these 
fish spawning mainly in the cold tributaries of the Sacramento, such 
as the McCloud and Fall Rivers. The second or " fall run " occurs 
in August, September, and October, and these fish spawn in the 
riffles in the main river between Tehama and Redding, also entering 
the tributaries in that vicinity. The two runs merge into each other. 
It is also claimed that there is a third run which comes in December. 

In former years the San Joaquin and the American and Feather 
Rivers of the Sacramento system had large runs of salmon, but ex- 
cessive fishing and the operation of various mining and irrigation 
projects have practically depleted them. 

The Eel and Mad Rivers of northern California have only a late 
or fall run, while the Klamath River has both a spring and a fall 
run, and Smith River has a spring run alone. Rogue River in 
Oregon has both a spring and a fall run, and the Umpqua and several 
other const streams of Oregon have small early runs. 

The Columbia River has three runs, the first entering during 
January, February, and March, and spawning mainly in the Clack- 
amas and neighboring streams. The second, which is the best run, 
enters during May, June, and part of July, spawning mainly in the 
headwaters. The third run occurs during late July, August, Sep- 
tember, and pait of October, and spawns in the tributaries of the 
lower Columbia. 

In Puget Sound chinook salmon are found throughout the year, 
although it is only during the spawning season that they are very 
abundant. In the Fraser River, a tributary of the Sound, the run 
occurs from March to August. 

In the Skeena River, British Columbia, the run occurs from May 
to July, the same being approximately true of the Nass also. 

In southeast Alaska they are found all months of the year. From 
March to the middle of June they are abundant and feeding in the 
numerous straits and sounds; in May and June the spawning fish 
enter the Unuk, Stikine, Taku, Chilkat, Alsek, and Copper Rivers 



8 SALMON FISHEEIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

in large numbers, and in a few smaller streams in lesser abundance. 
In August, September, and October the}^ are again to be found in 
large numbers feeding in the bays and sounds, while during the 
winter months a few have been taken on trawls set for halibut, show- 
ing that they are living in the lower depths at this time. 

In Cook Inlet the run occurs during May and June and is com- 
posed wholly of red-meated fish ; in the rivers of Bristol Bay the run 
comes in May and June, and the same is true of the Togiak, Kusko- 
kwim, and Yukon Rivers, although fish may be seen in the upper 
courses of the Yukon in July, the lateness here being due to the 
immense distance the fish have to cover. 

On the Asiatic side the chinook is found in some of the rivers of 
Siberia. 

SOCKEYE, BLUEBACK, OR RED SALMON. 

The sockeye or blueback salmon (0. nerka), which forms the great- 
est part of the canned salmon of the world, when it first comes in 
from the sea is a clear bright blue above in color, silvery below. Soon 
after entering the river for the purpose of spawning the color of the 
head changes to a rich olive, the back and sides to crimson and finally 
to a dark blood red, and the belly to a dirty white. The maximum 
weight is about 12 pounds, and length 3 feet, with the average weight 
about 5 pounds, varying greatly, however, in different localities. Ob- 
servations of Chamberlain a in Alaska show that the average weight 
of a number of sockeyes taken from Yes Bay was 8.294 pounds, 
while the average weight of a number from Tamgas was only 3.934 
pounds. Evermann and Goldsborough h report as a result of the 
weighings of 1,390 red salmon, taken from as many different places 
in Alaska as possible, an average weight for the males of 7.43 pounds ; 
for the females, 5.78 pounds; or an average weight for both sexes of 
6.57 pounds. A run of small, or dwarf, males accompanies certain 
of the main runs, these being especially noticeable in the Chignik 
lagoon, Alaska, run. This species usually enters streams with acces- 
sible lakes in their courses. 

A few specimens of the sockeye have been taken as far south as 
the Sacramento River. In Humboldt County, Cal., small runs are 
said to occur in Mad and Eel Rivers. Only an occasional specimen 
appears in the coastal streams of Oregon. The Columbia is the 
most southern river in which this species is known to run in any 
numbers, entering the river with the spring run of chinooks. From 
here south the species is called blueback exclusively. A considerable 
run enters the Quinniault River, Wash., and there is also a small run 
in Ozette Lake, just south of Cape Flattery. 

a Some observations on salmon and trout in Alaska. By F. M. Chamberlain, naturalist. 
U. S. Fisheries Steamer Albatross. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Document no. 627, p. 80. 

6 The fishes of Alaska. By B. W. Evermann and E. L. Goldsborough. Bulletin Bureau 
of Fisheries, vol. xxvi, p. 257. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 9 

In the Puget Sound region, where it is known as the sockeye, 
this species ascends only the Skagit River in commercial numbers, 
although a small run appears in the Lake Washington system of 
lakes and, possibly, in the Snohomish, Stillaguamish, and Nooksack 
Rivers. 

The greatest of all the sockeye streams is the Fraser River, Brit- 
ish Columbia, and this stream has been famous from very early 
days for its enormous runs of this species, a peculiar feature of 
which is that there is a marked quadrennial periodicity in the run. 
The maximum run occurs the year following leap year, the minimum 
on the year following that. The greater part of the catch of the 
Puget Sound fishermen is made from this run as it is passing through 
Washington waters on its way to the Fraser. The fish strike in 
during July and August on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, 
apparently coming from the open sea to the northwest. They pass 
the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Rosario, and Georgia, spending con- 
siderable time in the passage and about the mouth of the river. 
Small numbers run as early as May and as late a.s October, but the 
main body enters about the first week in August. 

The sockeye occurs in most of the coastal streams of British 
Columbia, and is usually the most abundant species. The prin- 
cipal streams frequented are the Skeena, Rivers Inlet, Nass, Lowe 
Inlet, Dean Channel, Namu Harbor, Bella Coola, Smith Inlet, Alert 
Bay, and Alberni Canal. 

In Alaska, where this fish is generally known as the red salmon, 
it is abundant and runs in great numbers in all suitable streams, 
of which, in southeast Alaska, the following are the most important : 
Boca de Quadra, Xaha, Yes Bay, Thorne Bay, Karta Bay, Xowiskay, 
Peter Johnson, Ffessa, Hetta, Hunter Bay, Klawak, Redfish Bay, 
Stikine, Taku, Chilkoot, Chilkat, Alsek, Seetuck, Ankow, etc.; in 
central Alaska, Copper, Knik, Kenai, Sushitna, Afognak, Karluk, 
Alitak, Chignik; in the Bristol Bay region, the Ugashik, Ugaguk, 
Xaknek, Kvichak, Nushagak, and Wood. It is also supposed to 
occur in the Togiak, Kuskokwim, and Yukon Rivers, which debouch 
into Bering Sea, and probably occurs in the Arctic streams of Alaska. 
The run in Alaska begins usually in June and extends usually to the 
middle of August. It begins earlier in Prince William Sound, and 
sometimes extends into September in southeast Alaska. 

On the Asiatic side the species is known to occur at Bering Island 
and in all suitable streams south to Japan, where it is found land- 
locked in Lake Akan, in northern Hokkaido. 

SILVER OR COHO SALMON. 

The silver or coho salmon (0. hisutch) is silvery in spring, green- 
ish on the upper parts, where there are a few faint black spots. In 



10 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

the fall the males are mostly of a dirty red. The flesh in this species 
is of excellent flavor, but paler in color than the red salmon, and 
hence less valued for canning purposes. 

This species has a maximum weight of about 30 pounds, with a 
general average of about 6 pounds. 

The silver salmon is found as far south as Monterey Bay, where 
it appears during the month of July and is taken by the trollers. 
From Eel River, in California, north, it is found in most of the 
coastal streams. It usually appears in July and runs as late as 
November, the time of appearance and disappearance varying some- 
what in different sections. Owing to its late appearance compara- 
tively few, and they usually in the early part of the season, are 
packed by the canneries, most of which shut down in July and August. 
This fish also tarries but a short time about the mouth of the stream 
it is to enter, and is wary of nets, which makes it rather unprofitable 
to fish for the latter part of the season when it is running alone. 

On the Asiatic side the coho ranges down the coast to Japan. 

HUMPBACK OR PINK SALMON. 

The humpback or pink salmon (0. gorbuseha) is the smallest of 
the American species, weighing from 3 to 11 pounds, the average 
being about 4 pounds. In color it is bluish above, silvery below, the 
posterior and upper parts with many round black spots, the caudal 
fin always having a few large black spots, oblong in shape. The 
males in fall are dirty red and are very much distorted in shape, a 
decided hump appearing on the back, from which deformity the 
species acquires its name. The flesh is softer than in the other 
species ; it is pale in color, hence its canned name, " pink " salmon. 

The southern limit of the fish is the Sacramento River, but only 
occasional specimens are found here and in the rivers to the north- 
ward until Puget Sound is reached. Here a large run appears every 
other year, the only place on the coast, where such is the case. 

The humpback occurs in varying abundance in the waters of Brit- 
ish Columbia, but it is in the waters of southeast Alaska that it ap- 
pears in its greatest abundance. Many of the canneries in this region 
depend mainly upon the humpback for their season's pack, and the 
canned product now occupies an excellent position in the markets of 
the world. The fish spawn in nearly all of the small, short streams. 

In central and western Alaska the runs are much smaller and the 
humpback is not much sought after by the cannery men, who are usu- 
ally able to fill their cans with the more valuable species. 

On the Asiatic side it is found in the rivers of Siberia (abundant 
in the Amur), but not in Japan. 

In southeast Alaska the run begins in June and continues until 
September, or even later in some places. In western Alaska the period 
is somewhat shorter. In Puget Sound it continues until late in the fall. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 11 

DOG OR CHUM SALMON. 

The dog or chum salmon (0. kef a) reaches a maximum weight 
of 1() pounds, the average being about 8 pounds. When it first ap- 
pears along the coast it is dirty silvery, immaculate or sprinkled with 
small black specks, the fins dusky, the sides with faint traces of grid- 
ironlike bars. Later in the season the male is brick red or blackish, 
and its jaws are greatly distorted. Its flesh is quite pale, especially 
when canned, when also it is mushy in texture. It is especially good 
for freezing, salting, and smoking. 

This species has a wide distribution. It is found as far south as 
San Francisco, but is not utilized commercially in California except 
on Eel River. It is found in most of the coastal streams from here 
north, being especially abundant from Puget Sound northward to 
southeast Alaska, both inclusive. In this region it is being utilized 
in greater abundance each year, as the market for it widens. 

In central, western, and arctic Alaska the species occurs in varying 
abundance, but is utilized sparingly, except by the natives, with whom 
it is the favorite species dried for winter food. 

This is the most abundant species of salmon in Japan, where it is 
called sake, and large quantities are dry-salted each year. In Siberia 
the species is abundant and is known as kaita or kita. 

The run of dog salmon comes later than that of any other species 
except the coho. In Alaska it begins in June, but the height of the 
season does not occur until late in August or early in September, and 
fish are found as late as November. In Puget Sound they run from 
about the middle of August till late in November, and practically the 
same is true in the Columbia River. 

STEELHEAD TROUT. 

The steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) is commonly classed as one 
of the salmons by the fishermen of the Pacific coast, and it has been 
included in this report on this account. In different localities the 
average weight is placed at from 8 to 15 pounds, while extreme sizes 
reach 45 pounds. The excellent quality of its flesh causes it to be 
highly prized for the fresh market, but owing to its pale color only 
limited quantities are canned. 

The principal center of abundance of this species is the Columbia 
River. It is found from Carmel River, Cal., north to central Alaska, 
and possibly has an even wider range in Alaska. It seems to be found 
in the rivers during the greater part of the year. In the Columbia 
River the spawning season is from February to May, in Puget Sound 
in the spring, and in southeast Alaska in May and June. The best 
commercial fishing is in January, February, and March. In Califor- 
nia the catching of this species is restricted to hook and line fishing. 



II. FISHING GROUNDS AND HISTORY OF THE FISHERIES. 

WASHINGTON. 

Puget Sound. — Strictly speaking, the name Puget Sound should be 
restricted to that long, narrow arm extending south from the Strait 
of Juan de Fuca, but a practice has developed, and is now common 
among fishermen and others, of designating all the great water area 
in the State of Washington comprising Puget Sound proper, Strait 
of Juan de Fuca, Canal de Haro, Rosario Strait, the Gulf of 
Georgia, and the smaller straits, bays, and sounds, as Puget Sound, 
and this practice, for convenience sake, has been followed in this 
report. 

This great indentation in the coast, with its numerous islands and 
many fine harbors, has greatly aided the development of this portion 
of Washington and has been especially favorable to the prosecution 
of the salmon and other fisheries. Numerous rivers and creeks enter 
the Sound, the more important of these being on the eastern shore 
and comprising the Nooksack, Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish, 
Duwamish. Puyallup, and Nisqually. On the southern and western 
shores the tributary streams are nearly all small, the more important 
being the Skohomish, Quilcene, Dungeness, and Elwha. 

The first fishing operations by white men were begun soon after 
the settlement at what is now known as Seattle, about 1852. For 
many years the catch was sold either fresh or salted. The first 
salmon cannery on Puget Sound was erected in 1877, at Mukilteo, in 
Snohomish County. The first pack was of 5,000 cases, composed 
wholly of silver or coho salmon. Later this plant put up the first 
humpbacks ever canned. In 1880 the cannery was removed to West 
Seattle. In 1885 other canneries were erected at Mukilteo, Seattle, 
Tacoma, and Clallam Bay, most of them packing silver and hump- 
back salmon alone. The first sockeye salmon cannery was established 
at Semiahinoo. in Whatcom County, in 1892, from which time on 
the industry fluctuated considerably, 15 canneries being operated 
in 1910. 

Quillayute River. — This is a small stream, about 30 miles in length, 
which flows through the southwestern part of Clallam County and 
empties directly into the ocean. The Quillayute Indian Reservation 
is located here and the natives catch some salmon and market them 
on Puget Sound. 
12 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 13 

Quiniault River. — This river, which enters the ocean in the north- 
western part of Chehalis County, has a length from the ocean to 
Quiniault Lake of about 40 miles, wholly within the boundaries of 
the Quiniault Indian Reservation. Fishing is restricted to the In- 
dians and the catch is generally shipped by rail to Hoquiam and 
Aberdeen, on Grays Harbor, and sold to the dealers at these places. 

Grays Harbor. — This is the first important indentation on the coast 
of Washington south of Cape Flattery. It is about 40 miles long 
from east to west and about 20 miles wide in the widest part. The 
principal tributary is the Chehalis River, but there are a number of 
small streams which debouch into the harbor. 

As early as 1878 there was a cannery on Grays Harbor, but from 
then until 1891 the data relating to this branch of the industry are 
very meager. In 1910 two canneries were in operation at Aberdeen 
and Hoquiam, respectively. 

Willapa Harbor. — The entrance to this harbor, which also includes 
Shoalwater Bay, is about 27 miles south of Grays Harbor. The har- 
bor runs east and west and is about 25 miles long. Shoalwater Bay 
extends south from it a distance of about 30 miles ; its southern por- 
tion ending about a mile from the Columbia River, and on the west- 
ern side being separated from the ocean by a spit varying in width 
from three-fourths to 1 mile. The bay is shallow, excepting in the 
main channel. The principal salmon streams entering the harbor 
are the Xasel and North Rivers, in which most of the pound or trap 
nets are located. 

Data relating to the early history of the fisheries of this section 
are very meager. In 1887 there were four canneries in operation, 
probably the largest number ever operated. In 1910 there was but 
one — at South Bend. 

COLUMBIA RIVER. 

The Columbia, which is the largest river of the Pacific coast, rises 
in British Columbia, flows through AVashington, reaching the north- 
ern border of Oregon about 75 miles west of the State's eastern 
boundary ; from this point the river forms the dividing line be- 
tween Oregon and Washington, its general course being westerly. 
It empties into the Pacific at Cape Disappointment. Its principal 
tributaries are the Snake, John Day, Deschutes, and Williamette 
Rivers, and through these the main river drains an enormous extent 
of territory. 

This river, which has produced more salmon than any other river 
in the world, has had a most interesting history. Many years be- 
fore the white man saw its waters the Indians visited its banks 
during the annual salmon runs and caught and cured their winter's 
supply of food. It was about the year 1833 that a small trading 
sloop, under the command of Capt. Lamont, came into the Columbia 



14 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

River on one of her regular trips and dropped anchor near what is 
now known as St. Helens. While waiting several months for a re- 
turn cargo the captain salted a number of barrels of chinook salmon, 
using old Jamaica rum kegs for the purpose. This is the first record 
of the export of this toothsome fish. 

In 1861, H. N. Rice and Jotham Reed began packing salted salmon 
in barrels at Oak Point, 60 miles below Portland. The first season's 
pack amounted to 600 barrels. The venture proved fairly profitable 
and was soon participated in by others. 

In the spring of 1866 William Hume, who had assisted in starting 
the first salmon cannery in the United States, on the Sacramento 
River, in 1861, finding the run of fish in the latter stream rather dis- 
appointing, started a cannery on the Columbia at Eagle Cliff, Wash., 
about 40 miles above Astoria. Then the river literally swarmed 
with salmon, and the cannery had no trouble in packing 4,000 cases, 
which it increased to 18,000 the next year and to 28,000 cases in 
1868. In 1867 a crude cannery on a scow was started by S. W. 
Aldrich, who did all the work, from fishing to canning, himself. In 
1868 a cannery was built near Eagle Cliff by one of the Humes, and 
from this time on for a number of years the industry grew by leaps 
and bounds. 

The banner year in the canning industry was 1884, when 620,000 
cases of chinook salmon were marketed. At this time the runs were 
so enormous that tons and tons of salmon were thrown overboard 
by the fishermen because the canneries were unable to handle them. 

At the present time (1910) there are 10 canneries in operation 
on the river, while large quantities of salmon are also frozen, mild 
cured, pickled, smoked, and sold fresh in the markets of the world. 

Commercial fishing is carried on mainly between the mouth of the 
Columbia and Celilo, a distance of about 200 miles, and in the Wil- 
lamette River. The most of it is in the lower part of the river, 
within about 40 miles of its mouth. Bakers Bay, on the Washington 
or north side, and just within the river's mouth, is the favorite 
ground for pound-net fishing. The principal gill-net drifting 
ground is from the river's mouth to about 20 miles above Astoria, 
but drifting is done wherever convenient reaches are found much 
farther up the river. Most of the drag seines are hauled on the sandy 
bars in the river near Astoria, which are uncovered at low water. 
Wheels are operated in the upper river above the junction of the 
Willamette with the main river. 

Astoria is the principal center for all branches of the industry, but 
more especially for canning. Other places in addition to Astoria 
at which canneries are located are Ilwaco, Eagle Cliff, Altoona, 
Brookfield, Pillar Rock, Cathlamet, on the Washington shore, and 
at Warrendale, Rooster Rock, and Seuferts, on the Oregon shore. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 15 

OREGON. 

Necanicum Greek. — This short stream is in Clatsop County and 
enters the Pacific Ocean about 10 miles south of the Columbia River. 
Its fisheries are of small importance. 

Nehalem River. — The Nehalem is a small coastal river that rises 
in the mountains of Clatsop and Columbia Counties, and flows into 
the Pacific Ocean in the northern part of Tillamook County. As 
early as 1887 there was a small cannery here, and the business has 
been followed ever since. 

Tillamook Bay and Hirer. — Tillamook River is a very short stream 
which enters Tillamook Bay, the latter being in Tillamook County 
and about 45 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River. 

Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. The earliest record we 
have of canneries on this bay is of 188G, when two were in operation. 
Since 1891 but one has been operated. 

Nestucca River. — This stream enters the ocean in the southwestern 
part of Tillamook County. A cannery operated here in 1887 and the 
business has been carried on intermittently since then. 

Siletz River. — This river has its source in the mountains of Polk 
County, and enters the ocean in the northern part of Lincoln County. 
The commercial development of the fisheries was hampered for 
many years owing to the fact that the river was within the boun- 
daries of what was then the Siletz Indian Reservation. The first 
cannery was established here in 1896. 

Yaquina Bay and River. — The Yaquina ("crooked") River is 
about 60 miles long; its general course is nearly west through the 
county of Benton. The river is narrow throughout the greater part 
of its length. A few miles from its mouth it suddenly broadens out 
into an estuary from one-half to three-fourths of a mile wide which 
is commonly called Yaquina Bay. The river enters the Pacific about 
100 miles south of the Columbia. 

Salmon canning was begun on this river in 1887, when two small 
canneries were constructed. The next year an additional plant was 
erected. The business has fluctuated considerably since then and 
there is now but one cannery. 

The fishing grounds are all in the bay and the lower section of 
the river. The fishermen of this section are fortunate in that they 
have railroad communication with the outside world, the only place 
on the ocean side of Oregon, except Tillamook, so situated. 

Alsea Bay and River. — Alsea River rises in the southwestern part 
of Benton County, and flows in nearly a northwesterly direction to 
the Pacific, a distance of about 60 miles. Like the Yaquina, the 
" bay " is merely a broadening out of the river just inside its mouth. 

The first cannery was established in 1886 and by 1888 there were three 
in operation. For many years past but one has been in operation. 
101379°— 11 2 



16 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

The best fishing grounds are from the mouth of the river to about 
5 miles inland. 

Siuslaw River. — This river has its source in the mountains of 
Lane County, and its course lies first in a northwesterly direction 
and to the westward until the Pacific is reached. Through part 
of its course it is the dividing line between Lane and Douglas 
Counties. 

As early as 1878 there were two canneries operated on this river, 
but from 1879 till 1888 there are no data available showing the ex- 
tent of the fisheries. At present there are two canneries in operation. 

The salmon fishing grounds extend from near the mouth of the 
river to about 20 miles upstream. 

Umpqua River. — With the exception of the Columbia this is the 
largest and longest river in Oregon. It is formed by north and 
south forks, which unite about 9 miles northwest of Roseburg, and 
the river then flows northwestwardly and enters the Pacific. Prac- 
tically all of this river is within the boundaries of Douglas County, 
one of the largest counties in the State. A railroad is now being 
built along this river and when this is completed there will doubtless 
be a large development of the fisheries of this region owing to the 
opportunities which will then be offered for shipping fresh fish. 

As early as 1878 there were two canneries located on the Umpqua. 
The number has never been larger than this, and usually there has 
been but one operating. In 1910 there was but one, at Gardiner. 

Coos Bay and River. — Coos Bay is a navigable semicircular inlet 
of the ocean with numerous arms or branches. There is much 
marshy ground in the bay, and a number of sloughs, or small creeks, 
which empty into the bay from both sides. Coos River proper is an 
unimportant stream, but a few miles in length. North Bend, Marsh- 
field, and Empire are the principal towns on the bay. A branch 
railroad is being built to these points from the main line of the South- 
ern Pacific Railway, and as soon as this is completed the fishing in- 
dustry will receive a great impetus. Heretofore this region has de- 
pended upon steamers and sailing vessels plying to Portland and 
San Francisco for its communication with the outside world, and 
this slow and infrequent means of shipment has very seriously 
handicapped the fisheries. 

Salmon canning began here in 1887, when two canneries opened for 
business. The business has fluctuated considerably since, most of the 
time but one cannery being operated, and such being the case in 1910. 

Fishing is carried on mainly in the bay. A few set nets are oper- 
ated in the river. 

Coquille River. — This river is formed by three branches, called the 
North, Middle, and South Forks, which rise in the Umpqua Moun- 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 17 

tains and unite near Myrtle Point, the head of tidewater, about 45 
miles by river from the mouth of the stream. It is a deep and slug- 
gish river, with no natural obstructions to hinder the free passage of 
fish. Its fisheries have been seriously hampered by the lack of rail- 
road communication, but this will be remedied, as the railroad to 
Coos Bay will eventually connect with a short line now in existence 
between the Coquille and Coos Bay. 

The principal towns on the Coquille River are Bandon, Prosper, 
Coquille, and Myrtle Point. Bandon is the shipping port. 

Pickled salmon were cured and shipped from this river very early, 
the first recorded instance of any considerable quantity being in 1877, 
when 3,000 barrels of salmon were sent to San Francisco. The salt 
shipments were important until within recent years. The first sal- 
mon cannery was erected in 1883, at Parkersburg. In 1886 another 
was built at the same place, and the following year still another was 
erected close by. This was the largest number ever in operation in 
any one year. In 1910 two canneries were operated, both at Prosper. 

The fishing grounds are from the mouth to Myrtle Point, about 45 
miles inland. 

Sixes River. — This small river is located in the northern part of 
Curry County, and is about 40 miles in length, entering the Pacific 
a very short distance above Cape Blanco. The salmon caught here 
are either salted or shipped fresh to the canneries on the Coquille 
River. 

Elk River. — This is another small stream about 40 miles in length, 
which enters the Pacific just south of Cape Blanco. As on the Sixes 
River the salmon are either salted or sold fresh to the canneries on 
the Coquille River. 

Rogue River. — This river has as its source Crater Lake in the 
Cascade Mountains, on the western border of Klamath County, flow- 
ing a distance of about 325 miles to the ocean, which it enters at 
Wedderburn. Its principal tributaries are the Illinois, Applegate, 
and Stewart Rivers. Owing to canyons and falls in the main river 
between the mouth of the Illinois River and Hellgate, the latter 
near Hogan Creek, which runs through the town of Merlin, naviga- 
tion and fishing are impossible in that section. Except at the mouth 
of the river the population is very sparse until about the neighbor- 
hood of Hogan Creek, where the river approaches the railroad, and 
from here on for some miles there are numerous growing towns. 

Owing to the fact of there being both a spring and a fall run of 
salmon in this river, the fisheries early became of importance, al- 
though sadly hampered because of being compelled to depend wholly 
on vessel communication with San Francisco, many miles away. 
In the early years the salmon were pickled and shipped to San Fran- 



18 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

cisco. In 1877 Mr. R. D. Hume, who had been canning salmon on 
the Columbia River, removed to the Rogue River, and established 
near the mouth a cannery which he operated every season (except 
1894, when the cannery burned down) until his death in November, 
1908, since which date it has been operated by his heirs. Mr. Hume 
also operated a large cold-storage plant at Wedderburn for several 
years. 

The development of the fisheries of the lower Rogue River was 
very much hampered by the monopoly which Mr. Hume acquired 
and maintained until his death. He bought both shores of the 
river for 12 miles from its mouth, and also owned an unbroken 
frontage on the ocean shore extending 7 miles north from the mouth 
of the river. As a result of this, independent fishermen could find 
no convenient places for landing, which was necessary in order to 
cure, handle, and ship the fish caught. Since Mr. Hume's death 
the property has been sold to various parties, but the people of 
Oregon, upon an initiative and referendum petition, voted in 1910 to 
close Rogue River to all commercial fishing. 

In the upper river ranchers living along the banks have engaged 
in fishing for a number of years, the catch for the most part being 
sold fresh. In recent years, as the country has developed, this 
fishery has become fairly important. 

Chetco and Windchuck Rivers. — These two unimportant streams 
empty into the Pacific in the lower part of Curry County, not far 
from the California line. The former is about 20 miles and the 
latter about 25 miles in length. Both have runs of salmon, and 
small fisheries have been maintained for some years, the catch being 
either pickled or sold to the California canneries. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Smith River. — This river, which is the most northerly one in the 
State, rises near the Siskiyou Mountains, and runs in a westerly 
direction to the Pacific Ocean. 

The river has only a spring run of salmon, and the early recorded 
history of the fisheries is fragmentary. The pickling of salmon 
was the main business at first and has been important ever since, as 
the cannery, which was first established in 1878, operated irregu- 
larly, and seems to have shut down entirely in 1895. 

Klamath River. — This is the most important river in California 
north of the Sacramento. It issues from the Lower Klamath Lake 
in Klamath County, Oreg., and runs southwesterly across Siskiyou 
County, passes through the southeastern section of Del Norte 
County, keeping its southerly course into Humboldt County, where 
it forms a junction with the Trinity River, and thence its course is 
directed to the northwest until it reaches the Pacific Ocean. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 19 

The Klamath River is important as a salmon stream because it has 
both a spring and fall run of salmon. In 1888 a cannery was estab- 
lished at Requa, at the mouth, and this has been operated occasion- 
ally ever since. The pickling of salmon has been done here for a 
number of years. Some years part of the catch has been shipped 
fresh to the cannery on Smith River, or to the Rogue River, Oreg., 
cannery. 

Humboldt Bay and tributaries. — The shore line of Humboldt 
County is bold and high except in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay, 
where it is rather flat. The latter is the only harbor along the 
county shore, and it is quite difficult of access, owing to the bar at 
the entrance, upon which the sea breaks quite heavily. The bay is 
about 12 miles long and about 3 miles wide. Mad River, which has 
its rise in the lower part of Trinity County, runs in a northwesterly 
direction, then makes a sharp turn and enters the bay from the north 
side. Eel River, which has its rise in Lake County, far to the south- 
cast, runs in a northwesterly direction and enters the bay at its 
southern extremity. Small railroads running south from Eureka 
traverse the shores of both rivers for some miles. A railroad to run 
from the north side of San Francisco Bay to Eureka is now nearing 
completion, and when in operation it will doubtless aid very mate- 
rially in extending the market for salmon caught in these rivers. 

Mattole River. — This is a small and unimportant river in the 
southern part of Humboldt County, and is said to have a good run 
of salmon each year, but no commercial fishing has as yet been car- 
ried on here. 

Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. — These two rivers are the 
most important rivers in California. The Sacramento is quite 
crooked, the distance by river from Red Bluff to San Francisco be- 
ing about 375 miles, while the distance by rail between these two 
places is only 225 miles. The river rises in several small lakes in 
the mountains about 20 miles west of Sisson, in Siskiyou County, 
and for nearly half its length flows through a narrow canyon. The 
upper portion is a typical mountain stream, with innumerable pools 
and rapids. A little above Redding the river emerges from the can- 
yon and widens into a broad shallow stream. Below Sacramento it 
runs through a level country and is affected by tides. Sloughs are 
numerous in this stretch, some connecting it with the San Joa- 
quin. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers join as they empty 
into Suisun Bay. 

The principal tributaries of the Sacramento which are frequented 
by salmon are the Pit and McCloud Rivers and Battle Creek. At 
one time salmon frequented the American and Feather Rivers, but 
mining and irrigation operations along these streams either killed 
them off or drove them away. 



20 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST., 

The San Joaquin River has its source in the Sierra Nevada Moun- 
tains. Flowing westerly and forming the boundary between Fresno 
and Madera Counties for a considerable distance, it then turns ab- 
ruptly to the north just where it is joined by Fresno Slough, which 
drains Lake Tulare. From here its general course is northwesterly 
until it joins the Sacramento River, near the latter's mouth. The 
Chouchilla and Fresno Rivers are the principal tributaries of the 
San Joaquin. 

The principal fishing grounds for salmon are Suisun Bay, the 
lower part of San Joaquin River, and the Sacramento River as 
high as the vicinity of Sacramento. Drift gill nets are used almost 
exclusively in this section. From Sacramento to Anderson there is 
considerable commercial fishing, more particularly with haul seines. 

Owing to the early and excellent railroad facilities which the fish- 
eries of the Sacramento River have enjoyed, they have not been 
handicapped so seriously as most of the other Pacific coast rivers in 
finding profitable outlets for the catch. Soon after the first trans- 
continental line was opened the shipping of fresh salmon to eastern 
points began and it has been an important, feature of the industry 
ever since. 

The chief event in the history of the salmon fisheries of this river 
is the fact that the canning of salmon on the Pacific coast had its in- 
ception here in 1864. The circumstances leading up to this event 
and its consummation are interestingly told by Mr. R. D. Hume in 
the following words: 

The first salmon cannery of the United States was located at Washington, 
Yolo County, Cal. A part of the building was originally a cabin situated on 
the river bank outside of the levee just opposite the foot of K Street, Sacra- 
mento city. It was built in 1852 and occupied by James Booker, Percy Wood- 
som, and William Hume. William Hume came to California in the spring of 
1852, bringing with him a salmon gill net, which he had made before leaving 
his home at Augusta, Me. In company with James Booker and Percy Woodsom, 
Mr. Hume began fishing for salmon in the Sacramento River just in front 
of the city of Sacramento. William Hume had been salmon fishing in the 
Kennebec River in the State of Maine with his father, where his father and 
grandfather had been engaged in the same business since 1780, and their 
ancestors in Scotland had for pleasure pursued the sportive salmon on the 
Tweed and Tay for centuries before. In 185(3 William Hume went back to 
Maine, and on his return to California the same year was accompanied by his 
brothers, John and G. W. Hume, who also engaged in salmon fishing in the 
Sacramento River. Among the schoolmates of G. W. Hume was one Andrew 
S. Hapgood, who had learned the tinsmith's trade, and who a short time after 
G. W. Hume left for California went to Boston and entered the employ of J. B. 
Hamblen, a pioneer in the canning business, and was sent by him to Fox 
Island on the coast of Maine, to engage in canning lobsters. The canning of 
lobster was a new and growing industry, and Mr. Hamblen, to increase his 
business, a short time after sent Mr. Hapgood to the Bay of Chaleur. an arm 
of the sea which divides the Province of Quebec from that of New Brunswick, 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 21 

where, in addition to the canning of lobster, they also canned a few salmon. 
I believe this was the first salmon canned on the American Continent, and I 
am informed that the business in a small way is still carried on in that section 
of the country. In 1863 G. W. Hume went back to Maine, and while there 
visited Mr. Hapgood at Fox Island, to which place he had been again sent by 
Mr. J. B. Hamblen to take charge of the works at that place During the visit 
of Mr. (J. W. Hume to his friend Hapgood a talk about salmon was had, and 
it was agreed that if salmon on the Pacific coast were as plentiful as repre- 
sented by Mr. Hume much money could be made in a salmon-cannery business. 
The plan decided on was that Mr. G. W. Hume, on his return to California, 
should try and induce his brother William to engage 'u the business with them, 
and, if he succeeded in so doing, Mr. Hapgood should purchase the necessary 
machinery and come out to California in time for the spring season of 1S64. 
Mr. William Hume being agreeable to take part in the enterprise, Mr. Hapgood 
set out on the journey and arrived at San Francisco on March 23, 1864, and 
a few days later at the location where the operations were afterwards 
conducted." 

For a considerable time after the salmon-canning business was inaugurated 
the packers suspended operations in the early part of July of each year, as at 
that time the market would take only goods which showed a rich oil and the 
best food values.'' 

The business languished after the firm established its cannery on 
the Columbia River, but in 1874 was renewed again by others and 
continued with varying success until 1905, when it ceased, owing to 
the smaller quantity of fish available and the difficulty of competing 
with the mild-cure packers and the fresh-fish dealers. 

Monterey Bay. — The first harbor south of San Francisco is Mon- 
terey Bay, a large indentation cutting into Santa Cruz and Monterey 
Counties. Only a portion of it is well sheltered, however. For a 
number of years it had been known that salmon frequented the 
waters of this bay for the purpose of feeding on the young fishes 
which swarmed there. Sportsmen frequently caught them with rod 
and reel, but it was not until the early eighties that the industry 
was established on a commercial basis. It has since grown very 
rapidly. The catch has either been mild cured at Monterey or 

shipped fresh. 

ALASKA. 

Alaska is the most favored salmon-fishing region. Many rivers, 
some of great length and draining enormous areas, intersect the dis- 
trict in every direction, w T hile the number of small creeks is countless. 
Almost every one of these have runs of salmon of varying abundance. 
The principal streams entering Bering Sea are the Yukon, Kus- 
kokwim, Togiak, Nushagak, Kvichak, Naknek, Ugaguk, and Ugashik; 
in central Alaska the Chignik. Karluk, Alitak, Sushitna, and Copper 

"The description of the machinery used and the methods of canning have been quoted 
in full under " Canning " elsewhere in this report. 

6 The first salmon cannery. By R. D. Hume. Pacific Fisherman, Seattle, Wash., vol. n, 
no. 1, January, 1904, p. 19-21. 



22 SALMON" FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Rivers are the main streams, while in southeast Alaska are found, 
among many others, the Anklow, Seetuck, Alsek, Chilkat, Chilkoot, 
Taku, Stikine, and Unuk Rivers. Most of the fishing in Alaska is 
carried on in the bays into which these rivers debouch. In southeast 
Alaska, which is composed largely of islands, the fishing is carried on 
mainly in the bays, sounds, and straits among these. 

Even before the purchase of the District from Russia in 1867 our 
fishermen occasionally resorted to southeast Alaska and prepared 
salted salmon. The salmon fisheries did not become important, how- 
ever, until canning was begun. The first two canneries in the District 
were built in the spring of 1878, both being located in southeast 
Alaska. One was built by the Cutting Packing Co. at the Redoubt, 
Old Sitka, on Baranof Island, while the other was constructed at 
Klawak, on Prince of Wales Island, by the North Pacific Trading & 
Packing Co., which latter company still operates at the same place. 

The first cannery in central Alaska was built by Smith & Hirsch 
at Karluk, on Kodiak Island; in western Alaska the first was con- 
structed on Nushagak Bay in 1884 by the Arctic Packing Co. 

Owing to the increased demand for canned salmon and the inability 
of the coast States canneries to keep pace with it, the number of 
canneries in Alaska rapidly increased for some years until in 1890, 
when there were 38 in operation. The inevitable happened about this 
time, however, the production having far outstripped the demand, 
and canned salmon became a drug on the market. 

Heretofore each cannery had operated without regard to the others, 
but with this condition of affairs prevailing it was soon perceived that 
steps to reduce the output would have to be taken, and a number of 
the companies pooled their packs, reduced the number of plants oper- 
ated, and thus cut down the output nearly one-half. The first ar- 
rangement was only temporary, but in 1893 a number of the com- 
panies combined permanently and formed the Alaska Packers' Asso- 
ciation, which was then, and is yet, the largest company operating in 
the District. 

Since 1893 the industry has experienced periods of alternate pros- 
perity and adversity. In 1910 there were in operation 23 canneries 
in southeast Alaska, 10 in central Alaska, and 19 in western Alaska, a 
total of 5'J. The high prices realized for salmon in 1,910 have drawn 
more capital into the industry, and in 1911 13 new canneries will be 
constructed and operated. 



III. APPARATUS AND METHODS OF THE FISHERY. 

GILL NETS. 

The gill net is the oldest and most popular form of apparatus in 
use in the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast. There are two kinds, 
drift and set, these names clearly expressing the difference between 
them. Fine flax or linen twine is generally used in their manufac- 
ture, although in some places cotton twine is employed, and it has 
usually 12 threads and is laid slack. They are hung in the ordinary 
manner — to a rope with cork floats to support the upper portion of the 
gear, and to a line with lead sinkers attached, which keeps the net 
vertical in the water and all its meshes properly distended. The 
nets are tanned, usually several times each season. 

Drift nets vary greatly in length and depth, depending upon the 
width of the fishing channels, the depth of water, etc. On the Sac- 
ramento River they average about 300 fathoms in length, are 45 
meshes deep, and have a stretch mesh of from 7^ to 9^ inches. On 
the coastal rivers of Oregon these nets average about 125 fathoms in 
length, and are about 30 meshes in depth, the mesh varying with 
the species of salmon sought. On the Columbia River the nets aver- 
age about 250 fathoms in length and have a stretch mesh for 
chinooks of 9 to 9| inches. On the Willamette River, the principal 
tributary of the Columbia, *the} r average about 75 fathoms in length, 
with meshes of 8 and 9| inches. On Willapa Harbor drift gill nets 
run from 100 to 250 fathoms in length, are 30 meshes deep, with 
stretch meshes of 7 and 8-| inches. On Grays Harbor they average 
100 fathoms in length, the chinook nets run from 24 to 45 meshes in 
depth, with a stretch mesh of 9 inches, while the silver or coho nets 
are 35 meshes in depth, with a stretch mesh of 7 inches. In the 
Puget Sound region the nets average 300 fathoms in length, with 
meshes suitable for the particular species sought. In Alaskan waters 
the nets vary greatly in length and depth, depending upon the places 
where fished. 

Drift gill netting is prosecuted chiefly in the estuaries of the 
rivers in and near the channels. If the water is clear the nets are 
set only at night, but should the water be muddy or discolored with 
glacial silt, fishing can be carried on either night or day. Night fish- 
ing is most common in the States, while day fishing is most common 

23 



24 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

in Alaska. When fishing in rivers it is necessary to work in a straight 
stretch of water of fairly uniform depth ahd free from snags or sharp 
ledges, these being called " reaches." 

In setting the net the boat puller rows slowly across the stream 
while the other man pays out the apparatus, to the first end of which 
a buoy has been attached. When about two-thirds of the gear is 
out the boat is turned downstream at nearly right angles to her 
former course, so that the net. when set, approximates the shape of 
the letter L. The net is laid out at nearly right angles or diagonally 
to the river's course, so that it will intercept the salmon that are 
running in, and is usually put out about an hour before high water 
slack and taken in about an hour after the turn of the tide. In 
Alaska the fishermen usually fish on both the high and low slack. 
The nets are allowed to drift for the time specified, the fishermen 
drifting along at one end, then the net is hauled into the boat over 
a wooden roller fixed in the stern, and the fish, which have become 
gilled in the meshes, are removed and thrown into the bottom of 
the boat. 

Set gill nets are made in the same way as drift nets, in many in- 
stances being fragments of the latter, and are usually operated in the 
upper reaches of the rivers. They vary in length from 10 to 100 
fathoms, from 35 to G5 meshes in depth, and have the same sizes of 
meshes as the drift nets, the size varying, of course, with the species 
sought for. Sometimes these nets are staked, sometimes anchored, 
while occasionally only one end is tied to the shore or a stake set in 
the water. 

On the flats off the mouth of the Stikine River, in southeast Alaska, 
a combination of the drift and set method is followed. A double set 
of stakes, about 6 feet apart, are set out from the shore for a distance 
of several hundred yards. An hour or two before slack water the 
fishermen pay out the net parallel to the line of stakes and about 50 
feet from them. The tide drifts the net down until it is caught 
against the stakes, which retain it until slack water, when the fisher- 
man takes it up and repeats from the opposite direction on the next 
turn of the tide. 

HAUL SEINES. 

On the Columbia Eiver, where this form of apparatus plays a 
prominent part in the fisheries, the nets vary in length from 100 to 
400 fathoms ; the shallowest end is from 35 to 40 meshes deep, but it 
rapidly increases in width and is from 120 to 140 meshes deep at the 
other wing. The " bunt," or bag, in the central part of the net is 
about 50 fathoms long. These nets are usually hauled on the numer- 
ous sand bars which are a very noticeable feature of the river at low 
tide. Buildings are erected on piles on these sand flats, in which the 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 25 

men and horses take refuge at high tide, when the bars are covered 
with water. Operations begin as soon as the beach or bar uncovers, 
so that the men can wade about. The net is placed in a large seine 
boat, with the shore end attached to a dory. At the signal the seine 
boat is headed offshore, while the dory heads toward the bar. As the 
seine boat circles around against the current the net is paid out in 
the shape of a semicircle. The dory men hurry to the bar with the 
shore end of the net, the idea being to get that in as soon as possible 
in order to prevent the escape of the salmon in that direction. As 
soon as this has been accomplished, the outer shore line is brought to 
the bar, when several horses are hitched to the line and begin to haul 
in the net. care being taken by the men to work it against the current 
as much as practicable, and to get it in as speedily as they can in 
order to prevent the escape of salmon either by jumping over the 
cork line or finding some outlet below the footrope or lead line. 

The only other place on the coast where haul seines are important 
is at Karluk, on Kadiak Island, in Alaska. Here the seines are 
hauled upon the narrow sand pit dividing the lagoon from the strait, 
and practically the same method is followed as in the Columbia 
River. 

DIVER NETS. 

These are in use in the Columbia River, mainly throughout the 
middle and upper portions of the river. They vary from 100 to 200 
fathoms in length and are used almost exclusively for chinook salmon. 
In construction they somewhat resemble a trammel net. Two nets are 
attached together side by side. The outer one, or the one toward the 
oncoming fish, has a larger mesh than the other, so that if the fish 
manages to pass through the first, it will be caught in the smaller 
meshes of the second. 

DIP NETS. 

These consist of an iron hoop secured to the end of a stout pole 
with a bag-shaped net fastened to the hoop. They are generally r.sed 
at the cascades on the rivers, small platforms being erected upon 
which the operator stands while fishing. Indians formerly used 
them to a large extent, but, ow T ing to the steady decline in the num- 
ber of Indians, and the appropriation of favorable spots by the 
whites for other forms of apparatus, they are but little used now. 

SQUAW NETS. 

This type is virtually a set net. It consists of an oblong sheet of 
gill netting, about 12 feet long and 8 feet deep, its lower edge 
weighted to keep it down, and its upper edge attached to a pole that 
floats at the surface, and is held by a line or lines to another pro- 
jecting pole which is securely fastened to the shore, so that it will not 



26 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

swing around with the strain of the swift current on the net. A 
single block is attached to the pole, and through this passes a rope, 
thus making a tackle for the more convenient manipulation of the 
net. The dip-net fishermen of the Columbia River use this net, 
which derives its name from the fact that it used to be commonly 
operated by Indian" squaws for taking salmon. But few are now 
in use, for the same reasons as given for the decline in the use of 

dip nets. 

PURSE SEINES. 

This form of apparatus is in quite general use in Puget Sound 
and southeast Alaska, and has proved highly effective in these deep, 
swift waters. These seines are about 200 fathoms long, 25 fathoms in 
the bunt, and 20 fathoms in the wings, all with a 3-inch mesh. The 
foot line is heavily leaded and the bridles are about 10 feet long. 
The purse line is made of 1^-inch hemp. The rings through which 
the purse line is rove measure about 5 inches in diameter and are 
made of galvanized iron. 

On Puget Sound the purse seiners congregate mainly on what are 
known as the Salmon Banks, off the lower end of San Juan Island, 
during the run of sockeyes. After this run is over they go up the 
Sound and fish for dogs and cohos, and later go to the head of the 
Sound and fish for dogs, cohos, chinooks, and steelhead trout. In 
southeast Alaska they follow the fish all over the bays, straits, and 
sounds of that section. Purse seines are used in a few other places, 
but the fishery is secondary to those with other forms of apparatus. 

On Puget Sound special power boats, which are fitted with a power 
winch for hauling in the net, are used almost exclusively in operat- 
ing the purse seines. As soon as a school of fish is sighted one end 
of the seine is attached to a dory, and while this remains stationary 
the seine boat starts off, the crew paying out the net over a roller 
in the stern. A circle is made around the fish, the boat returning to 
the dory. The purse line is then attached to the winch, and the line 
slowly hauled in by power. As the net comes in, the slack is neatly 
coiled up on a platform in the stern of the boat, the cork line lying 
on one side and the lead line on the other. As the circle gradually 
narrows a man stands at the davit with a long pole which he con- 
tinually plunges into the circle and between the purse lines for the 
purpose of frightening the fish away from the center of the net, 
which is open for about a third of the time required to purse it. 
The poleman in time becomes very expert and is able to plunge the 
pole into almost any part of the center and have it return unaided 
to his hands. After the net has been pursed, the bag is either rolled 
into the boat or the fish dipped or gaffed from the net into the boat. 

This style of fishing is said to have been introduced on Puget Sound 
by the Chinese in 188G. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 27 

TRAPS OR POUND NETS. 

A trap is stationary and consists of webbing, or part webbing and 
part wire netting, held in place and position by driven piles. This 
piling usually is held together above water by a continuous line of 
wood stringers, also used to fasten webbing to or to walk on if nec- 
essary. 

In building, the " lead " is first constructed. This runs at right 
angles, or very nearly so, to the shore, and consists of a straight line 
of stakes, to which wire or net webbing is hung from top of high 
water, or a little higher, to the bottom, making a straight, solid Avail. 

At a little distance inshore of the outer end of the lead begin what 
are called the "hearts. 11 These are V-shaped and turned toward 
the lead, beginning at a distance of 30 to 40 feet on either side of 
same and running in the same general direction, the " big heart" 
or outer heart first, the inner heart, supplementing the first, being 
smaller, and the end of the outer heart leading into it. The narrow 
end of the inner heart leads into the " pot " and forms what is known 
as the ''tunnel. 1 ' The tunnel ends in a long and narrow opening, 
running up and down the long way, and is held in position by ropes 
and rods. Below this is what is known as the " apron," a sheet of 
web stretched from the bottom of the heart upward to the " pot," 
in order to lead the fish into the tunnel when swimming low in the 
water, and to obviate the necessity of building the pot clear to the 
bottom, which would be expensive, as the pots of the traps are usually 
in quite deep water. 

Some traps have "jiggers" (a hook-shaped extension of the outer 
heart) on each side, which help to turn the fish in the required direc- 
tion. 

The " pot " is placed at right angles with the inner heart and im- 
mediately adjoining same. It is a square compartment, with web 
walls and bottom connected in the shape of a large square sack, fas- 
tened to piling on all sides. This pot is hauled up and down by 
means of ropes and tackles, either by hand or, as is most popular, by 
steam. 

The " spiller " is another square compartment adjoining either end 
of the pot (sometimes there are two " spillers," one at each end), 
and is simply a container for fish. A small tunnel leads the fish 
from the pot into the spiller, from whence the fishermen lift them 
out. This is accomplished by closing the tunnel from the pot, 
after which the ropes holding the front of the spiller are loosened 
and the net Avail allowed to drop almost to the level of the Avater. 
A steam tug then pushes a scow alongside the spiller and takes 
position on the outside of this scoav. From the deck of the tug 
a derrick is rigged with a running line from the steam capstan 
through the block at the top of the derrick. This line is attached 



28 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

to the far end of a net apron, called a " brailer," which is heav- 
ily weighted by having chains along each side and leaded cross- 
ways at several places. A small boat is run inside the spiller, and 
the men in this draw the brailer across the barge and let it sink 
in the spiller. The fish soon gather over it, when the steam capstan 
quickly reels it in, the net folding over as drawn in from its far side 
and spilling the fish out on the scow. Men on the scow pick out and 
throw overboard the undesirable fish. The apron is then drawn 
back across the pot and the operation repeated so long as any fish 
remain. In this manner a trap with many tons of salmon in it is 
quickly emptied. 

Traps, like nearly all other fixed fishing appliances, are built on 
the theory that salmon, like most other fishes, have a tendency to 
follow a given course in the water, whether a natural shore line or 
an artificial obstruction resembling one ; also that the fish very seldom 
turns in its own wake. The trap has taken advantage of these 
natural tendencies of the fish, and is arranged so that, although the 
salmon may turn, he will continually be led by the wall of net toward 
and into the trap. 

If a trap is located in a place where fish play and where an eddy 
exists, and the fish run one way with the incoming tide and the 
opposite with the outgoing, it will fish from both directions; if 
located where the fish simply pass by, as, for instance, on a point or 
reef, it will fish from one side only. 

A variation of the trap, to be used in places where piles can not 
be driven, is the floating trap. An experimental trap of this variety 
was used at Uganuk, on Kodiak Island, Alaska, as early as 1896. 
Its use was abandoned in 1897, not to be resumed until some years 
later. A number of floating traps (of the type invented by Mr. J. R. 
Heckman, of Ketchikan, Alaska) have been and are being used in 
southeast Alaska, the first having been installed in 1907. The de- 
sign of this trap follows the shape of an ordinary Puget Sound 
driven trap. It is constructed of logs, 20 to 26 inches at the butt, 
bolted and braced together in one solid frame. Suspended from this 
frame through the logs are 2^-inch pipes extending down in the 
water 30 feet. Halfway down these pipes and also on the extreme 
lower ends are eyebolts, to which the web is drawn down and fas- 
tened. Thus the web is kept in place as well as if the pipes were 
driven piles. The lead is also a continuation of large piles or logs 
bolted firmly together with similarly suspended pipes and webbing. 

The so-called wooden traps on the Columbia River are essentially 
weirs, being a modification of the brush weirs or traps used by the 
Indians for the capture of salmon long before the advent of the 
white men. They are built on shore, of piling and planks, the lat- 
ter arranged like slats with spaces between. The bowl, or pot, is 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 29 

provided with a movable trapdoor that can be opened during the 
closed season and on Sundays, so that the fish can pass through and 
run upstream. These weirs, after being built, are launched into the 
river, placed in proper position near the shore, and then ballasted 
so that they sink to the bottom. 

According to Collins, " pound nets were introduced on the Colum- 
bia River in 1879. In May of that year Mr. O. P. Graham, formerly 
of Green Bay, Wis., built a pound net on the river similar to those 
used on the Great Lakes. The success of this venture led to the 
employment of more apparatus of this kind, and many fishermen 
went West to participate in the fishery." 

According to the same authority 6 Mr. H. B. Kirby, who had pre- 
viously fished on the Great Lakes, set a pound net in Puget Sound 
about 1883, but it was a complete failure. On March 15, 1888, he 
again set a pound net, which he had designed to meet the new con- 
ditions, at Birch Bay Head, in the Gulf of Georgia. It proved a 
complete success, and was the forerunner of the present large number 
which are set annually in these waters. 

In Alaska the first trap was set in Cook Inlet about 1885. Brit- 
ish Columbia refused to permit the use of pound nets in its waters 
until 1904, when their use was allowed within certain limited regions. 

Some of these trap nets, especially on Puget Sound, have proved 
extremely valuable. The years 1898 and 1899 covered practically 
the high-water mark, as several desirable locations changed hands in 
those years at prices ranging from $-20,000 to $90,000 for single 
pounds, the original expense of which did not exceed $5,000. But 
few have brought such high prices since, however, owing to the 
decline in the run of salmon. 

The location of sites for these nets is regulated by law in Oregon, 
Washington, and British Columbia, but in Alaska the procedure is 
not well defined and has proved rather confusing to strangers. 
Some acquire the necessary shore line by mineral location or by the 
use of scrip, while still others have merely a squatter's right. Within 
the bounds of the forest reserve no land can be acquired except by 
lease, which may be secured from the United States forestry agent, 
Ketchikan. Alaska. 

INDIAN TRAPS. 

The natives, especially in Alaska, have various ingenious methods 
of catching salmon. In the Bering Sea rivers they catch them by 
means of wickerwork traps, made somewhat after the general style 
of a fyke net. These are composed of a series of cylindrical and 
conical baskets, fitting into each other, with a small opening in the 

a Report on the fisheries of the Pacific Coast of the United States, by J. W. Collins, 
Report of Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1888, p. 210. 1891, 
* Ibid., p. 257. 



30 SALMON" FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

end connecting one with the other and the series terminating in a 
tube with a removable bottom, through which the captive fish are 
extracted. Some of the baskets are from 15 to 25 feet in length 
and are secured with stakes driven into the river bottom, while the 
leader, composed of square sections of wickerwork, is held in place 
by stakes. 

During the summer of 1910 the author found and destroyed an 
ingenious native trap set in Tamgas stream, Annette Island, south- 
east Alaska. This stream is a short and narrow one, draining a 
lake, about midway of which are a succession of cascades. In the 
narrowest part of the latter, and in the part up which the fish swim, 
a rack had been constructed of poles driven into the bottom and cov- 
ered with wire netting, so as almost wholly to prevent salmon from 
passing up. Just below, and running parallel to the rack and at 
right angles to the shore, was placed a box flume with a flaring 
mouth at the outer end. At the shore end the flume turned sharply 
at right angles and discharged into a square box with slat bottom 
and covered over with boughs. The fish in ascending the stream 
would be stopped by the rack and in swimming around many of them 
would be carried by the current into and down the flume, eventually 
landing in the receiving box alongside the shore. 

WHEELS. 

Fish wheels are of two kinds, the floating or scow wheel, which 
can be moved from point to point if need be, and the shore wheel, 
which is a fixed apparatus. They operate in exactly the same man- 
ner, however. The stationary wheel is located along the shore in a 
place where experience has shown that the salmon pass. Here an 
abutment is built of wood and stone, high enough to protect it 
from an ordinary rise in the river. To this is attached the necessary 
framework for holding the wheel. The latter is composed of three 
large scoop-shaped dip nets made of galvanized-iron wire netting 
with a mesh of 3^ to 4 inches. These nets are the buckets of the 
wheel, and they are so arranged on a horizontal axis that the wheel 
is kept in constant motion by the current, and thus picks up any 
fish which come within its sweep. The nets are fixed at such an 
angle that as they revolve their contents fall into a box chute through 
which the fish slide into a large bin on the shore. The wheels range 
in size from 9 to 32 feet in diameter and from 5 to 15 feet in width, 
and cost from $1,500 to $8,000, the average being about $4,000. A 
number of them have long leaders of piling running out into the 
river, which aid in leading the salmon into the range of the wheel. 

The scow wheel consists of a large square-ended scow that is 
usually decked at one end and open at the other. Several stanchions, 
some 8 to 10 feet high, support a framework upon which an awning 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 31 

is spread to protect the fish from the sun's rays and the crew from 
the elements. To one end of the scow are fastened two upright posts, 
which are guyed by wooden supports, while projecting from the same 
end is the framework which supports the wheel, the latter being con- 
structed in the same way, but on a smaller scale, than the stationary 
wheel. In operation the scow is anchored with the wheel end point- 
ing downstream, and as the wheel is revolved by the current the fish 
caught fall from the net into a box-chute, through which they slide 
into the scow. As stationary wheels can be used only at certain stages 
of water, the scow wheel is a necessary substitute to be used at such 
times as the former can not be operated. 

The above forms of wheels are used exclusively on the Columbia 
River. 

An ingenious device is used by some of the wheelmen on the 
Columbia River in getting their catch to the canneries, a few miles 
farther down the river. The salmon are tied together in bunches and 
these attached to air-tight casks and sent down the stream. At the 
canneries small balconies have been constructed at the water end of 
the building. A man armed with a pair of field glasses is stationed 
here, and as soon as he sights one of these casks he notifies a boatman, 
who goes out and tows in the cask and salmon. About 800 pounds of 
salmon are attached to a keg, and a tag showing the wheel from 
which shipped is tied to the fish. 

In 1908 the first fish wheel to be located in the coastal w y aters of 
Alaska was operated in the Taku River, in southeast Alaska. The 
wheel was set between two 4-foot scows, stationed parallel to each 
other, and each 40 feet in length. The wdieel had two dips, each 22 
feet in width and hung with netting. It could be moved from place to 
place, the same as the scow wdieels on the Columbia River. It was 
operated throughout the king and red salmon runs, but caught almost 
no salmon, and was not set in the succeeding years. 

For many years the natives of the interior of Alaska have been 
resorting to the banks of the Yukon River and its tributaries in order 
to secure a sufficient supply of salmon to sustain them through the 
succeeding winter. The favorite apparatus of these natives is a type 
of fish wheel of local invention, which has been in use by them for 
many years, probably long before the white man first saw the Yukon. 
A square framework of timbers is constructed in the water and 
moored to the bank by ropes. A wheel, composed of three dips, is 
placed in this, the axle resting upon the framework. The shape of 
the dip is such that the salmon caught roll off it into a trough, down 
which they slide into a boat moored between the wheel and the shore. 
Although crude in construction, it is very effective and a large num- 
ber of them are set each season. 

101379°— 11 3 



32 SALMON" FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

The Columbia River fish wheel is a patented device. It was first 
used by the patentees, Messrs. S. W. Williams & Brother, in 1879, and 
for several years they retained a monopoly in its use. A number are 
now operating on the river. The device was not new even when pat- 
ented, as the natives of the Yukon River Basin had been using a 
precisely similar principle for an unknown number of years previ- 
ously, while a similar " fishing machine," as it is called, had been in 
use prior to this time and is still used by white fishermen on the 
Roanoke River, in North Carolina. 

REEF NETS. 

As the name indicates, this device is used around the reefs. Under 
natural conditions the reef is covered with kelp throughout its 
length, the kelp floating at the top of the water. A channel is cut 
through this, and in it is placed a tunnel of rope and netting, which 
flares at the outer end, in deep water, and into which is thatched 
grass, kelp leaves, or any other article resembling submarine growth, 
to hide the construction sufficiently to avoid frightening the fish. 
Short leads of kelp are also arranged on the sides so as to draw the 
fish to the tunnel, which is held in place by anchors. On the reef it- 
self two boats are anchored parallel to each other and some feet 
apart. An apron of netting is fastened to the rear of the two boats, 
while the other end extends under the small end of the tunnel and is 
kept in place by men in the forward ends of the boats, who have lines 
fastened so the apron can be raised by them. The device can only 
be used with the tide entering the tunnel at the large end. When 
the fish have entered and passed through the tunnel upon the apron, 
the men raise the floating end of the latter and dump them into the 
boats. 

At one time this was a favorite device of the Puget Sound natives 
for catching sockeye salmon. They attribute its origin to one of 
the Hudson Bay Company's employees, who, they say, taught them a 
long time ago how to catch salmon in this way. Owing to the large 
number of men required to work them, and the fact that they can be 
worked only at certain stages of tide and in favorabje weather, these 
nets have gradually been supplanted by other devices. In 1909 but 
five were used and these were operated off the shores of San Juan, 
Henry, Steuart, and Lummi Islands, and in the vicinity of Point 
Roberts. 

TROLLING. 

Each year the catching of salmon by trolling becomes of increasing 
importance commercially. For some years sportsmen had this ex- 
citing and delightful occupation to themselves, but eventually the 
mild curers created such a persistent and profitable demand for king, 
or chinook, salmon that the fishermen, who had previously restricted 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 33 

their operations to the use of nets during the annual spawning runs, 
which last but a small portion of the year, began to follow up the 
fish both before and after the spawning run and soon discovered 
that they were to be found in certain regions throughout nearly 
every month in the year. 

The Monterey Bay, Cal., trollers use 48 cotton line generally. A 
few inches below the main lead an additional line is added, with a 
small sinker on it. This gives two lines and hooks, and as the main 
line has but the one lead, and that above the junction with the branch 
line, it floats somewhat above the latter, which is weighted down 
with a sinker. The main stem is about 20 fathoms in length, while 
the branch lines are about 5 fathoms each. These lines cost about 
$3.50 each. Xo spoon is used, but bait almost invariably. A few 
fishermen use a spread of stout steel wire, 4 feet long, with 5 or 6 
feet of line on each end of the spread, two lines and hooks. 

On the upper Sacramento River (mainly at Redding and Kes- 
wick) some fishing is done with hand lines. A small catch was made 
here in 1908, but none were so caught in 1009. 

Even as early as 1895 trolling was carried on in the Siuslaw River, 
Oreg., for chinook and silver salmon. At Oregon City and other 
places on the Willamette River a number of chinook salmon are 
caught by means of trolling each year, mainly by sportsmen. A 
spoon is quite generally employed in place of bait. The fishermen 
claim that the salmon are not feeding at this time, as their stomachs 
are shriveled up. 

For a number of years the Indians living at the reservation on 
Neah Bay, Wash., have annually caught large numbers of silver and 
chinook salmon in the Strait of Juan de Fuca. A few white fisher- 
men also engage in this fishery at the present time in the same waters, 
while others troll for the same species, but more particularly silvers, 
in parts of Puget Sound proper. The ordinary trolling line, with a 
spoon instead of bait, is used. 

The most remarkable trolling region is in southeast Alaska. For 
j-ome years the Indians here had been catching king salmon for 
their own use during the spring months, and about the middle of 
January. 1905, king salmon were noticed in large numbers in the 
vicinity of Ketchikan. Observing the Indians catching these, sev- 
eral white fishermen decided to engage in the pursuit, shipping 
the product fresh to Puget Sound ports. They met with such 
success that 271,644 pounds, valued at $15,000, Avere shipped. The 
next year several of the mild-cure dealers established plants in 
this region, thus furnishing a convenient and profitable market for 
the catch, and as a result the fishery has grown until, in 1910, 204,82:5 
king salmon and 0.000 coho salmon were caught and marketed. The 
length of the fishing season has also lengthened until now the busi- 
ness is prosecuted vigorously during about seven months in the year, 



34 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

and in a desultory manner for two or three months more, only the 
severe winter weather preventing operations the rest of the year. 

In southeast Alaska the fishermen generally use either the Hen- 
dryx Seattle trout-bait spoon no. 5 or the Hendryx Puget Sound 
no. 8. The former comes in nickel or brass or nickel and brass, the 
full nickel preferred. The Siwash hook no. 9/0, known as the Vic- 
toria hook in British Columbia, is in quite general use. As a rule, 
but one hook is used, and this hangs from a ring attached to a swivel 
just above the spoon, while the point of the hook comes a little below 
the bottom of the spoon. Occasionally double or treble hooks are 
used. Some fishermen use bait, and when this is done the herring, 
the bait almost universally employed, is so hooked through the body 
as, when placed in the water, to stretch out almost straight and face 
forward as in life. 

A small commercial fishery is carried on in this region for coho 
salmon, mainly in August and September, in the neighborhood of 
Turnabout Island, in Frederick Sound. A Stewart spoon with two 
hooks on one ring is used, baited with herring in such a way that the 
fish is straightened out and faced toward the spoon. The sportsmen 
of Ketchikan also fish with rod and reel for this species in the neigh- 
borhood of Gravina Island, using a Hendryx spoon (kidney bait 
no. 0), which is silvery in color on one side and red on the other. 
Although much smaller than the king, the coho salmon is more gamy. 

Reports from the trailers of southeast Alaska prove that all species 
of salmon will take the hook at some time or other in the salt waters 
of this region, an examination of their stomachs generally showing 
that they are either feeding or in a condition to feed. 

BOW AND ARROW. 

On the Tanana River, a tributary of the Yukon River, in Alaska, 
the Indians hunt salmon in birch-bark canoes with bow and arrow. 
As the canoe is paddled along and the Indian sees the dorsal fin of 
the salmon cutting the surface of the muddy water he shoots it. The tip 
of the arrow fits into a socket, and when struck the tip, which when 
loose is attached to the stock by a long string, comes out of the socket 
and the arrow floats, easily locating the fish for the fisherman. 

SPEAR AND GAFF. 

Spears of varying shapes and styles have been in use by the In- 
dians from time immemorial and are still employed on many rivers 
in which salmon run. With the exception of the Chilkoot and Chil- 
kat Rivers of Alaska, practically all of the catch secured in this 
manner is consumed by the fishermen and their families. In the 
Chilkoot River the Indians have built numerous racks in the stream 
and on the banks, upon which they stand and hook the fish out with 
a gaff attached to a pole. The catch is sold to the cannery located on 
Chilkoot Inlet. 



IV. FISHERMEN AND OTHER EMPLOYEES. 

In the early days canning was a haphazard business, and workmen 
came and went as common laborers do in the wheat fields of the West. 
As the business increased in importance and the need of skilled labor 
became imperative, men were put to certain work and kept at it from 
season to season, with the result that in a few years a corps of highly 
skilled laborers had been evolved, and this had much to do with the 
rapid extension of the industry. 

For many years Chinese formed the greater part of the cannery 
employees, the superintendent, foreman, clerks, machinists, and the 
watchmen alone being whites. No other laborers have ever been 
found to do the work as well or with as little trouble as the Chinese. 
In times of heavy runs, when the cannery would have to operate 
almost night and day in order to take advantage of what might be 
the last run for the season of the sometimes erratic salmon, the 
Chinese were always willing, even eager, to do their utmost to fill 
the cans, and if fed with the peculiar food they insisted upon having 
and due regard was had to certain racial susceptibilities, the can- 
nery man could almost invariably depend upon the Chinese doing 
their full duty. 

The Chinese-exclusion law cut off the supply of Chinese, and as 
the years went by and their ranks became decimated by death, dis- 
ease, and the return of many to China, the contractors were com- 
pelled to fill up the rapidly depleting crews with Japanese, Filipinos, 
Mexicans, Porto Ricans, etc., with the result that to-day in many 
canneries special quarters have to be provided for certain of the 
races — more particularly the Chinese and Japanese — in order to pre- 
vent racial hatred from engendering brawls and disturbances. 

The Japanese now compose about one-half of the cannery em- 
ployees. "While a few cannery men express themselves as well pleased 
with this class of labor, the majority find it troublesome. 

In Alaska and at a few places in the States Indians are employed 
in the canneries. In Alaska more would be employed if they could be 
secured. They make fair workpeople, but are rather unreliable about 
remaining through the season. 

The supplying of this kind of labor is done largely through the 
contract system. In the large cities along the coast are labor 
agencies, mainly owned by Chinese, which make a specialty of fur- 
nishing labor for this work. In the agreement between the canning 

35 



36 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

company and the contractor the company guarantees to pack a cer- 
tain number of cases during the coming season and the latter agrees 
to do all the work from the time the fish are delivered on the wharf 
until they are ready to ship at the end of the season, for a certain 
fixed sum per case. Should the cannery pack more than the guar- 
anteed number, which it usually does if possible, the excess has to be 
paid for at the rate per case already agreed upon, while if the pack, 
for any reason should fall below the contract amount the company 
must pay for the shortage the same as though they had been packed. 
The company transports the Chinese to the field of work and carries 
them to the home port at the end of the season. It provides them 
with a bunk house, and furnishes fuel, water, and salt. The con- 
tractor sends along with each crew a " boss," who has charge of the 
crew, and furnishes their food, the company transporting this free. 

White men do the greater part of the fishing for salmon, many na- 
tionalities being represented, but Scandinavians and Italians pre- 
dominating almost everywhere. A number of Greeks are to be found 
fishing in the Sacramento, while Slavonians do most of the purse- 
seining on Puget Sound. The native-born American is not often 
found actually engaged in fishing, but frequently is the owner of the 
gear or has a responsible position in the packing plants. 

A number of Indians participate in the fisheries of Alaska, and a 
few fish in Washington. The only Chinese engaged in fishing are in 
Monterey Bay. A number of Japanese also fish in this bay, which is 
the only place in American territory where they fish for salmon, 
except in Alaska, where the small number of 13 were occupied in 
1909. A number of Japanese engage in fishing in Canadian waters. 

In many places on the coast, particularly in Alaska, fishing is a 
hazardous occupation. In Alaska most of it is done in the bays, 
sounds, and straits, where storms are frequent, and the annual loss 
of life is heavy. The records of the Alaska Fishermen's Union 
show for its members the following losses of life by drowning: 1905, 
10 men; 1900, 5 men; 1907, 10 men; 1908, 17 men; and 1909, 17 men. 

The fishermen early saw the advantages of organization, and 
nearly every river now has a union, which is subordinate to the gen- 
eral organization. One of the most typical of these is the Alaska 
Fishermen's Union, which has active jurisdiction over all sections of 
Alaska, except a portion of southeast Alaska. Early in the year this 
organization enters into contracts with the salmon canneries and salt- 
eries, by which the rates of wages, duties, etc., of the fishermen are 
fixed in advance. As a result of this mutual agreement upon terms, 
but little trouble is experienced with the fishermen, who generally 
conform scrupulously to the terms of the contract, and strikes and 
bickerings, which were very common a few years ago, are now almost 
entirely absent. 



V. FISHERY REGULATIONS. 

CONTROVERSIAL FORMS OF APPARATUS. 

From time immemorial the users of certain forms of fishing appa- 
ratus have complained of and condemned the use of other forms, 
which, either through disinclination, through lack of financial 
means, or because it was not suitable for use in the section in which 
they fished, they themselves have not seen fit to employ. In some 
instances these complaints are well founded, but an unprejudiced 
observer is apt to view with suspicion charges advanced under condi- 
tions when personal interest may so easily cloud or color the indi- 
vidual judgment. In a court of equity it is a well-established prin- 
ciple that the plaintiff must appear with clean hands, and that is a 
difficult matter for the users of any form of apparatus in the salmon 
fisheries of the Pacific coast. If in one section the fishermen live 
strictly within the letter and spirit of the law, the users of the same 
apparatus in another section may be the most persistent and destruc- 
tive violators. And, again, while the law may be strictly observed, 
the law itself may be inadequate or purposely deficient, and the 
apparatus therefore be doing incalculable damage to the fisheries. 

While all forms of apparatus in use in the salmon fisheries of the 
Pacific coast have been objected to in some one section or another, the 
principal complaints have been against fish wheels and trap or pound 
nets. The wheels are used only in the Columbia River. The traps 
are found in the Columbia River and in the other waters of the State 
of Washington and in Alaska. 

To the objections of other fishermen the owners of wheels and 
traps retaliate by charging prejudice and self-interest, and with some 
justification. It is unquestioned that these costly fonns of apparatus 
are beyond the financial means of the ordinary fishermen, that their 
use reduces the number of persons employed in the fisheries, and that 
the owners, who are usually the packers or others closely affiliated 
with them, can, if they so desire, render themselves largely inde- 
pendent of other fishermen, such as the gill netters and seiners, and 
thus keep down the cost of the fish to the packers. Although not 
often advanced publicly, this is the real basis of the most of the com- 
plaints. Publicly the objections are based upon higher grounds, 

37 



38 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

such as the waste through catching and killing in wheels and traps 
of enormous quantities of salmon which can not be handled in the 
limited time available, or of species which the packers have no use 
for, and which they find it easier or less expensive to kill by much 
handling than to release and in so doing lose a few salmon. 

One thing should never be lost sight of, however. Fishery appa- 
ratus is set for the purpose of catching fish, and its value is depend- 
ent upon the degree of effectiveness with which it accomplishes the 
object sought with the least expenditure of money and time for con- 
struction and operation. 

It is a question whether, under present conditions, if the use of 
traps were abolished, the other forms of apparatus would be able to 
keep pace with the demand for fish. But the question of whether 
traps should be allowed or not in any one section should be settled 
by reference solely to the conditions prevailing in that section, and 
not to theoretical or general objections to traps as traps or to objec- 
tions based upon trap fishing in some other and, possibly, vastly 
different section. There are some regions on the Pacific coast where 
if traps were permitted they would soon destroy the run of salmon, 
while there are many other sections where they would not injure the 
fisheries at all, unless possibly by use in too great numbers. The 
latter is especially true in many parts of Alaska, where the chief 
objection is that in a few places too many of them are grouped 
together. 

A considerable part of the objection to the use of traps is doubtless 
due to the generally shameless disregard of the laws in the past, and 
in some sections also to-day. In Alaska up to 1908 the trap owners 
paid practically no attention to the laws, and the same is true to a 
large extent to-day on Puget Sound, and to a lesser extent, possibly, 
in the Columbia River. Since the enactment and rigid enforcement 
of the excellent trap law of 1906 in Alaska, the objections to trap 
nets have decreased very noticeably, though the traps have probably 
caught more fish than they did under the old conditions, the only 
difference being that the catch has been distributed more equally, 
and not, as in former times, caught chiefly in those traps situated 
nearest to the ocean, while those in the upper reaches took but few. 

The Washington law prescribes minutely the method to be fol- 
lowed in closing traps during the weekly closed season and appears 
on its face to be an excellent plan. In practice it is quite otherwise, 
however, for one person can close or open the trap in one or two 
minutes' time, and all the watchman has to do in the weekly closed 
season is to let the apron down whenever he sees a boat approaching, 
raising it again as soon as he is sure the visitor is not a fish warden. 
Thus it is practically impossible to detect any but the boldest or most 
careless violations of the law. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 39 

The provision in the Alaska fisheries law regulating the manner 
of closing traps during the weekly closed season is without question 
the test in the country, and Washington could adopt it with much 
profit. It requires that " the gate, mouth, or tunnel of all stationary 
or floating traps shall be closed, and 25 feet of the webbing or net of 
the 'heart' of such traps on each side next to the 'pot' shall be 
lifted or lowered in such manner as to permit the free passage of sal- 
mon and other fishes." With two men stationed on the trap at least 
15 or 20 minutes of most strenuous work is required to open or close 
the trap in this manner, and the fishery agent has ample time to reach 
the scene before the operation is completed. This fact has been found 
to be an excellent deterrent. 

At first the owners advanced the plea that the lowering of 25 feet 
of the web of the heart next to the pot won Id so weaken the trap 
that it might be carried away by the very strong and high tides 
which prevail in Alaska, but three years' actual trial has proved this 
fear to be groundless, and now no objections are heard to this feature 
of the law. 

Although not used to as great an extent, wheels have probably 
occasioned more controversy than traps. While the traps are 
usually set in either bays, straits, and sounds, where the water is salt 
or brackish, or in the lower reaches of all the rivers, the wheels are 
set in the upper courses of the Columbia River only. After the fish 
have run the gauntlet of the almost countless gill nets, seines, and 
trap nets in the lower and middle river, and are approaching their 
spawning beds, they meet with the runways leading to the wheels, 
which in some instances are set in natural channels in the cascades 
or falls, or in artificial channels through which the greater part of 
the run must of necessity pass. Nearly all of the salmon hatcheries 
on the Columbia are located either on the main river below Cascade 
Locks, or on one of the tributaries entering the river below there, 
while above this point there were operated in 1909 17 stationary 
wheels and 5 scow wheels. 

It may be maintained that a salmon which has successfully evaded 
the nets in the section of the river below Cascade Locks is of vastly 
more importance to the preservation and perpetuation of the fish- 
eries than a number which have not yet crossed the bar at the mouth 
of the river. Thus, it has been argued, while wheels have not done 
anything like the damage to the fisheries ascribed to them, a regard 
for the perpetuation of the fisheries of the Columbia River demands 
that their use, as well as that of all other forms of apparatus for the 
taking of fish commercially, should be prohibited above Cascade 
Locks. 

This brings up the question of the justice of such an arrangement 
from the standpoint of the owners of the wheels. When they put 



40 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

in these wheels their use was lawful, and the same is true to-day. 
They are expensive apparatus, and many thousands of dollars 
are invested in them. In addition there is an important salmon 
cannery located at Seuferts, just above The Dalles, which would be 
absolutely worthless if the above action were taken. It would be 
no more than just, if the States of Oregon and Washington decided 
to abolish all commercial fishing above Cascade Locks, that a fair 
valuation for losses be fixed by arbitration and paid to those affected. 

There is also no question but what too many gill nets and trap 
nets are now being fished in the lower part of the river, and some 
scheme ought to be devised by which the number of licenses annually 
granted can be reduced very materially. 

Strict regulations of the forms of apparatus used in the salmon 
fisheries and the curtailment of certain or all forms when they be- 
come too numerous will be of greater efficacy in the perpetuation of 
the industry than any other method which has been so far rec- 
ommended or tried except that of closed seasons. 

LAWS AND THEIR ENFORCEMENT. 

The history of the enactment and enforcement of laws relating to 
the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast (except possibly California) 
is not one that those earnestly and sincerely desirous of preserving 
and perpetuating the fisheries have reason to be proud of. In the 
first place, it has been and is yet exceedingly difficult to secure effi- 
cient laws, owing to the influence of the selfish interests which have 
no regard to the future. In the second place, it was and is yet diffi- 
cult to secure the enforcement of even the laws that are on the statute 
books. In most States a change in the governorship almost invari- 
ably entails a change in fish commissioner, who is often more con- 
cerned with pleasing the interests that secured his appointment 
and retain him in office than in giving the affairs of his department 
the attention that they require. This condition, not peculiar to the 
Pacific Coast States alone, doubtless will eventually be removed to a 
great extent by divorcing the fisheries departments from politics. 
The Pacific Coast States have had in the past and still have some 
earnest men who have been and are doing good work, and this num- 
ber can easily be increased by making the positions permanent. Un- 
der present conditions a fish commissioner scarcely has a compre- 
hensive grasp of the intricate problems of his department and begins 
to be of value to the State before a change of administration occurs 
and he is compelled to give way to another man, who in turn must be 
taught all that his predecessor had learned. 

The worst condition of affairs in regard to the making and enforce- 
ment of fishery laws is found to prevail in those waters which form 
the boundary between States or between Canada and the United 
States. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 41 

The Columbia River, which forms the boundary between Oregon 
and Washington, affords a typical example of the evils which can 
result from a division of responsibility between two States. For 
many years each State enacted laws regulating the fisheries of the 
river with very slight regard usually to laws already in force in the 
other State. As a result of this the fishermen transferred their 
residence for license purposes from State to State as the laws of one 
or the other best suited their particular purposes. 

The fishermen and packers also were in apparently irreconcilable 
conflict as to the proper means to be taken to conserve the fisheries, 
and each session of the legislatures saw strong lobbies present to 
work for certain selfish ends, while the few earnest men who had the 
real welfare of the fisheries of the river at heart had difficulty in 
making the slightest headway against the influence of these lobbies. 

To further complicate the matter, in 1894 Oregon claimed that 
under the provisions of the enabling act admitting it as a State it 
had jurisdiction to the Washington shore, and proceeded to arrest 
Washington men who were fishing in what was the open season ac- 
cording to Washington law but the closed season under Oregon law. 

In June, 1908, the voters of the State of Oregon had presented for 
their consideration two bills radically affecting the waters of Columbia 
River. One closed the river, east of the mouth of the Sandy River, 
against all fishing of any kind except with hook and line, and was 
originated by gill-net fishermen of the lower river for the purpose of 
eliminating fish wheels in the upper waters. This bill was the first 
presented to the people, and when it appeared the upriver men re- 
taliated by presenting a bill affecting the lower river to such an 
extent that it practically prohibited the net fishermen from operating. 

Very much to the surprise of all concerned both bills were passed 
and became laws on July 1, to take effect, as provided, on August 25 
and September 10, respectively. The Oregon master fish warden 
proceeded to enforce both laws, arresting all violators on both sides 
of the river, irrespective of whether or not they were operating under 
a Washington or Oregon license, and incidentally did the fisheries a 
great service by bringing prominently before the public the anoma- 
lous condition of affairs which were occasioned by the archaic system 
under which the fisheries of the Columbia were governed. The State 
of Washington appealed to the United States courts, which, after 
argument, issued an injunction preventing the warden from enforc- 
ing the laws so far as the Washington fishermen were concerned. 

In the meantime the attention of the general Government had 
been drawn to the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the two 
States, and fearing that in the melee the interests of the fisheries 
would be lost sight of. President Roosevelt, in a message to Con- 
gress, after reciting briefly the lack of harmony in jurisdiction by the 



42 SALMON" FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

States, recommended that the general Government take over the 
control of the fisheries of the Columbia, as well as other interstate 
rivers. 

This had the effect of bringing matters to a head and negotiations 
were soon in progress looking to the preparation of a treaty between 
the two States by which uniform laws would be adopted, and thus 
each State have concurrent jurisdiction to the opposite shore of the 
river. The legislatures each appointed a committee of eight mem- 
bers to confer and frame joint legislation. The two committees met 
in Seattle, "Wash., early in 1909, and agreed upon the following 
recommendations : 

First. A spring closed season from March 1 to May 1. 

Second. A fall closed season from August 25 to September 10. 

Third. A Sunday closed season from 8 p. m. Saturday of each week to 6 p. m. 
the Sunday following between the 1st day of May and the 25th day of August. 

Fourth. We suggest the mutual recognition by each State of the licenses 
issued to floating gear by the other State. 

Fifth. That the State of Oregon repeal chapter SO of the session laws of 
Oregon for the year 1907, relative to the operation of purse seines and other like 
gear on the Columbia River. 

Sixth. We recommend the enactment of similar laws in both States carrying 
an appropriation of at least $2,500 in each State and providing for the destruc- 
tion of seals and sea lions and the granting of a bounty on the same, to be $2.50 
for seals and $5 for sea lions. 

Seventh. We recommend the repeal of both the fish bills passed under the 
provisions of the initiative and referendum in June, 1007, by the people of the 
State of Oregon, said bills being designated on the ballot as 31S, 319 and 332, 
333. 

The recommendations were enacted into law by both States, and at 
the same time the State of Washington in its bill also prohibited 
fishing for salmon within 3 miles of the mouth of the CJplumbia 
between March 1 and May 1 and between August 25 and September 
10, or salmon fishing on tributaries of the Columbia, except the Snake, 
between June 1 and September 15; and also prohibited fishing by 
any means for salmon save by hook and line in the Kalama, Lewis, 
Wind, Little White Salmon, Wenatchee, Methow, and Spokane 
Rivers and in the Columbia River 1 mile below the mouth of any of 
the rivers named. The agreement was subjected to a rather severe 
strain, however, when it was discovered that the Oregon Legislature 
had failed to provide the same closed periods for the tributaries that 
were enacted for the Columbia, thus leaving the Willamette, Clacka- 
mas, Lewis and Clark, and Youngs Rivers and Spikanon Creek open 
to fishing for 15 days in March and 15 days in April, while the 
Columbia was closed. The cry of bad faith was at once raised by 
the Washington fishermen, and for a short time it appeared that the 
agreement would be broken at the very beginning. The Oregon 
Board of Fish Commissioners took the matter up, however, and by 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 43 

order closed these streams to all fishing during the times of closed 
season on the Columbia, and thus restored peace once more. 

The conditions which prevail in Puget Sound adjacent to the 
boundary between Washington and British Columbia have also been 
the cause of serious anxiety to those interested in the perpetuation of 
the salmon fisheries. The great schools of sockeye salmon which are 
on their way from the ocean to the spawning beds in the Fraser River 
pass through this section, and it is here that the greater part of the 
fishing is done. The Province of British Columbia has made earnest 
efforts to preserve this run, but unfortunately the same can not be 
said of the State of Washington. The laws are fairly good, but 
owing partly to the small force and facilities available for executing 
them and partly to other reasons, they have not always been enforced 
as they should be. 

This condition of affairs on Puget Sound and similar conditions in 
other boundary waters led the general Government to take up the 
matter, and on xVpril 11, 1908, a convention was concluded between 
this country and Great Britain for the protection and preservation of 
the food fishes in international boundary waters of the United Sta tes 
and Canada. Both Governments appointed international commis- 
sioners — Dr. David Starr Jordan for the United States and Mr. S. T. 
Bastedo (who was succeeded later by Prof. Edward Ernest Prince) 
for Canada — whose duty it was to investigate conditions prevailing in 
these waters and to recommend a system of uniform and common 
international regulations. After an exhaustive investigation the 
commissioners submitted recommendations, which included the fol- 
lowing affecting the boundary waters dividing the State of Washing- 
ton and the Province of British Columbia, these waters 1 icing defined 
as the Strait of Juan de Fuca. and those parts of Washington Sound, 
the Gulf of Georgia, and Puget Sound lying between the parallels of 
48° 10' and 49° 20' : 

GENERAL REGULATIONS. 

3. Disposition of prohibited catch. — In case any fish is unintentionally 
captured contrary to the prohibitions or restrictions contained in any of the 
following regulations, such fish shall, if possible, be immediately returned 
alive and uninjured to the water. 

4- Dynamite, poisonous substances, etc. — No person shall place or use quick- 
lime, dynamite, explosive, or poisonous substances, or electric device in treaty 
waters for the purpose of capturing or killing fish. 

5. Pollution of waters. — No person shall place or pass, or allow to pass, into 
treaty waters any substance offensive to fishes, injurious to fish life, or destruc- 
tive to fish fry or to the food of fish fry, unless permitted so to do under any law 
passed by the legislative authority having jurisdiction. 

No person shall deposit dead fish, fish offal, or gurry in treaty waters, or on 
ice formed thereon, except in gurry grounds established by the duly consti- 
tuted authorities. 



44 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

6. Capture of fishes for propagation or for scientific purposes. — Nothing 
contained in these regulations shall prohibit or interfere with the taking of any 
fishes at any time for propagation or hatchery purposes, and obtaining at any 
time or by any method specimens of fishes for scientific purposes under authority 
granted for Canadian treaty waters by the duly constituted authorities in 
Canada and for United States treaty waters by the duly constituted authorities 
in the United States. 

12. Capture of immature salmon prohibited* — No salmon or steelhead of less 
than 3 pounds in weight shall be fished for, killed, or captured in treaty waters. 

13. Salmon weirs, etc., aboi-e tidal limits prohibited. — No salmon and no steel- 
head shall be fished for, killed, or captured by means of a net of any sort, 
any weir or any fish wheel, above tidal limits in any river in treaty waters. 

l.'j. Close season for sturgeon. — During the term of four years next following 
the date of the promulgation of these regulations no sturgeon shall be fished 
for, killed, or captured in treaty waters. 

15. Capture of fish for fertilizer or oil prohibited. — Fishes useful for human 
food shall not be fished for, killed, or captured in treaty waters for use in the 
manufacture of fertilizer, or of oil other than oil for food or medicinal purposes. 

16. Naked hooks and spears prohibited. — No spear, grappling hook, or naked 
hook, and no artificial bait with more than three hooks, or more than one burr 
of three hooks attached thereto, shall be used for the capture of fish in treaty 
waters. This regulation shall not prohibit the use of a gaff in hook-and-line 
fishing. 

17. Torching prohibited. — No torch, flambeau, or other artificial light shall be 
used as a lure for fish in treaty waters. 

The following regulations relate specifically to the waters named: 

STRAIT OF JUAN DE FTJCA AND ADJACENT WATERS. 

The following regulations (G2 to G6, inclusive) shall apply to the Strait of 
Juan de Fuca, those parts of Washington Sound, the Gulf of Georgia, and 
Paget Sound lying between the parallels of 4S° 10' and 49° 20' north latitude: 

62. Close season for salmon. — From August 25 to September 15 in each year, 
both days inclusive, no salmon or steelhead shall be fished for, killed, or cap- 
tured for commercial purposes in these treaty waters; provided, however, that 
in the waters to the westward of a line drawn southward from Gonzales Point 
to the shore of the State of Washington silver salmon, or coho salmon, may 
be fished for, killed, or captured from September 1 to September 15 in each 
year, both days inclusive. 

6'.?. Weekly close season for salmon and steelhead. — From 6 o'clock Saturday 
morning to 6 o'clock on the Monday morning next succeeding, no salmon or 
steelhead shall be fished for, killed, or captured in these treaty waters. 

It is, however, provided that in the waters to the westward of a line drawn 
southward from Gonzales Point to the shore of the State of Washington the 
weekly close season shall begin 12 hours earlier, and shall end 12 hours earlier. 

6k- Construction of pound nets. — All pound nets or other stationary appliances 
for the capture of salmon or steelhead shall be so constructed that no fish what- 
ever shall be taken during the weekly close season. The erection or addition 
to the pound net of a jigger is prohibited. 

65. Location of pound nets. — All pound nets shall be limited to a length of 
2,500 feet, with an end passageway of at least 600 feet between one pound net 
and the next in a linear series, such distance being measured in continuation 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 45 

of the line of direction of the leader of such net, and a lateral passageway 
of at least 2,400 feet between one pound net and the next. 

On and after January 1, 1911, the inesh in pound nets shall be 4 inches in 
extension in the lender and not less tban 3 inches in other parts of the net. 

66. Nets other than pound nets. — No purse net shall be used within 3 miles 
of the mouth of any river and no seine within 1 mile of the mouth of any river 
in these treaty waters. 

No gill net of more than 900 feet in length or of a greater depth than GO 
meshes shall be used in these ti'eaty waters. 

In Alaska previous to 190G the conditions prevailing were very 
similar to those in Oregon and Washington, but in that year Con- 
gress enacted a comprehensive and excellent law regulating the fish- 
eries, the enforcement of which was entrusted to the Bureau of Fish- 
eries. The force of agents is still inadequate, although materially 
increased in 1911, and its facilities for covering the territory are 
very meager. Conditions approaching the ideal will not prevail 
until these defects have been remedied; but respect for the fishery 
laws in Alaska obtains very generally now as a result of their per- 
sistent enforcement during the past five years. 



VI. METHODS OF PREPARING SALMON. 

CANNING. 
EARLY DAYS OF THE INDUSTRY. 

In the salmon industry canning is, and has been almost from 
the time of the discovery of a feasible method of so preserving the 
fish, the principal branch. The first canning of salmon on the 
Pacific coast was on the Sacramento River in 1864, when Messrs. 
G. W. and William Hume and Andrew S. Hapgood, operating 
under the firm name of Hapgood, Hume & Co., started the work on 
a scow at Washington, Yolo County, Cal. The Hume brothers, who 
came from Maine originally, had been fishing for salmon in the 
Sacramento River for some years before the idea of canning the 
fish had entered their minds, while Mr. Hapgood had previously 
been engaged in canning lobsters in Maine, and was induced by the 
Humes to participate in order that they might have the benefit of 
his knowledge of canning methods. The late Mr. R. D. Hume, who 
worked in the original cannery and later became one of the best 
known canners on the coast, thus describes the plant and the methods 
employed : a 

Before the arrival of Mr. Hapgood [from Maine] the Hurne brothers had 
purchased a large scow, on which they proposed to do the canning of salmon, 
and had added an extension to the cabin 18 by 24 feet in area, to be used as a 
can-making shop. This had a shed on the side next to the river for holding 
any cans that might be made in advance of the packing season. A few days 
after the arrival of Mr. Hapgood [March 23, 1864], the tools and machinery 
were packed and put in position. Mr. Hapgood made some stovepipe and two 
or three sheet-iron fire pots, and in a short time was ready for can making. 
The following list of tools and machinery will shown how primitive our facili- 
ties were as compared with present methods: 1 screw hand press, 1 set cast- 
iron top dies, 1 set cast-iron bottom dies, 1 pair squaring shears, 1 pair rotary 
shears, 1 pair bench shears, 1 pair hand shears or snips, 1 pair 24-iuch rolls, 
1 anvil (weight 50 pounds), 1 forging hammer, 1 tinner's hammer, 1 set punches 
for makiug stovepipe, 1 rivet set, 1 grooving set. 2 iron slabs grooved on one 
side to mold strips of solder, 1 iron clamp to hold bodies of cans while solder- 
ing the seams, 1 triangular piece of cast iron about three-eighths of an inch in 
thickness and 6 inches in length, with a wooden handle attached to the apex, 
also used for holding can bodies in place while being seamed. 

"The first salmon cannery. By R. D. Hume. Pacific Fisherman, vol. n, no. 1, Janu- 
ary, 1904, p. 19-21. 

46 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 47 

The process of canning was as follows: The bodies of the cans were first cut 
to proper size by the squaring shears, a line was then scribed with a gage 
about three-sixteenths of an inch from one edge, and they were next formed 
into cylindrical shape by the rolls. They were then taken to the soldering 
bench, and one edge lapped by the other until the edge met the line that had 
been scribed and fastened there by being soldered a small part of the length 
to hold them in place for the further purpose of seaming. They were then 
placed either in the iron clamp, which had a piece of wood attached to its under 
side, and held firmly, the clamp being closed by the operation of a treadle, or 
were slipped on a piece of wood, which was bolted to the bench, while being 
held in place by the triangular hand seamer, which was pressed down on the 
lap of the seam by the left hand of the operator. When this had been done 
a piece of solder, which had been prepared by shaking in a can together with 
rosin, was placed on the seam, and melted and rubbed lengthwise of the seam. 
After cooling the bodies were ready for the end or bottom, which operation 
was brought about by first cutting out circular blanks with the rotary shears, 
and then placing them in the cast-iron die, and bringing the handle of the 
screw press around with a swing with force enough to form up the end or 
bottom. In this operation there were many difficulties, as the ends or bottoms 
would many times stick to the upper part of the die and refuse to come off, and 
finger nails were pretty short in those days. To get the ends out of the lower 
part of the die was not so bad, as a wooden plunger operated by a treadle 
knocked them out, but sometimes they were in pretty bad shape. When the 
bottoms or ends were ready they were slipped on the bodies, and the edge of 
the bottom rolled about in a pan of powdered rosin until the seam was well 
dusted. A piece of solder similar in size and preparation as used for the side 
seam was placed in the can. They were then placed on the smooth side of the 
cast-iron slabs, and the operator, with a hot soldering copper shaped to fit the 
circle of the can, melted the solder and, by turning the can rapidly, soldered 
the full circumference. The output of this can factory was very imperfect, as 
at least one-half of the seams burst, owing to the lack of experience of the 
manager or want of good judgment. 

When the can making was well underway Mr. Hapgood then turned his at- 
tention to getting the apparatus for canning on board the house boat. This in 
the. cooking department consisted of a kettle made of boiler iron about 36 inches 
in diameter and 5 feet in depth, set in a brick furnace and fired from under- 
neath. Alongside was a round bottom cast-iron pot holding about 60 gallons 
of water and heated in the same manner. These kettles, with a dozen coolers 
or circular sheet-iron pans with ropes attached and with holes cut in the 
bottoms for drainage, a set of 5-inch blocks and tackle, with a sheet-iron fire 
pot and a scratch awl, completed the bathroom outfit. The can filling and 
soldering room was furnished with a table through the center, where cutting 
the salmon in pieces to suit and the filling of the cans was done. On each side 
of the room there was a bench running the full length, on the end of one of 
which the cans were placed to receive the pickle, which was used at that time 
instead of the small quantity of salt that is placed in the cans during the opera- 
tions of these later days. After the salmon had been cleaned by removing the 
entrails and washing them outside the covered portion of the scow, they were 
brought inside and placed on the table, and a man with a butcher knife in one 
hand and a stick in the other, which had a mark showing the length of the 
pieces desired, cut gashes in the side of the salmon as a guide, and then cut 
the fish into sections corresponding to the length of the mark on the stick. He 

101379°— 11 4 



48 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

then proceeded to cut the sections in pieces to suit the cans. Then three or 
four operators placed the salmons in the cans and shoved them along the table 
to where a boy wiped the top edge and passed them along to two others who 
placed tops which fitted inside of the rim. The cans were then taken in wooden 
trays to the bench opposite the starting point, which was fitted with four sheet- 
iron pots, and at the one nearest the entrance to the house on the scow a man 
put a soldering flux on the top edge, which was made by adding zinc to muriatic 
acid, and then with a pointed soldering copper and a stick of solder melted 
the solder until a small portion could be drawn around the groove formed by 
the edge of the can and the bevel of the top. From there the cans were taken 
to the other parts of the bench, where two men finished soldering the head in, 
and then taken to the third man, who soldered, or, as it was called, buttoned 
the end of the seam lap. The cooking department or bathroom, as it was 
called, was separated from the filling and soldering room by a partition. The 
cans were shoved through a hole in the partition. 

At this time the process was a secret. Mr. Hapgood did the cooking and all 
the work done inside, no one but a member of the firm being allowed to go in. 
This privacy was continued until the firm moved to the Columbia River and, 
the labor becoming too arduous for Mr. Hapgood to perform alone, a boy by 
the name of Charlie Taylor was taken in as an assistant. * * * 

But to return to the original proposition : When the filled cans had been 
soldered and entered the bathroom they were put in the coolers and lowered 
into the cast-iron pot, one cooler of cans being cooked at a time. The cooler 
was lowered into the boiling fresh water until the cans were submerged to 
within 1 inch of the top ends and left to cook for one hour ; then they were 
hoisted out and the vent holes in the center of the top soldered up, after 
which they were dumped into the boiler-iron kettle, which held a solution of 
salt and water of density sufficient to produce, when boiling, a heat of 228° to 
230° F. They were cooked in this solution for one hour and then taken out of 
the kettle with an iron scoop shaped like a dip net, with a wooden handle 
about 6 feet in length. They were dumped into a tank of water on the other 
side of the partition which separated the bathroom from the packing room 
through an opening in the partition, receiving many a bump and bruise in the 
operation. Then they were washed with soap and rag to remove the dirt and 
grease, each can being handled separately. When this was done they were 
piled on the floor of the packing room and in a few days were painted with a 
mixture of red lead, turpentine, and linseed oil, for at that time buyers would 
have no canned salmon, no matter how good the quality, unless the cans were 
painted red. 

When packs of 10,000 to 15,000 cases were made in a season only 
the absolutely essential machinery was used, the rest of the work, such 
as cutting and cleaning the fish and placing them in the cans, being 
done by hand. When larger canneries were constructed, especially in 
Alaska, where labor is expensive and difficult to obtain, the greater 
part of the workmen having to be brought up from the States, ma- 
chinery to do as much as possible of the work became absolutely 
essential. The inventive genius of the country came to the rescue 
and one by one machines for cutting and cleaning the fish, filling the 
cans, putting the tops on, and washing them, were invented and put 
into use, while automatic weighing machines were produced and 
extensive improvements and alterations were made in the machines 
previously in use. There are to-day many large manufacturing es- 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 49 

tablishments which devote all or the greater part of their facilities 
to furnishing machinery and supplies to this giant branch of the 
salmon industry. 

When salmon canning was in its infancy a pack of from 150 to 200 
cases was considered a good day's work. Now it is not an uncommon 
occurrence for a cannery to turn out from 1,500 to 2,000 cases in one 
day, and there are a few which have even greater capacity. 

During the height of the salmon run a cannery is an exceedingly 
busy and interesting place, and a description of the methods used at 
the present time will show the giant strides the industry has made 
since the days of Ilapgood, Hume & Company. 

HANDLING THE SALMON. 

At convenient spots near the fishing grounds large scows and 
lighters are anchored and the fishing crews deliver their catches 
aboard these, the tallyman on each scow keeping a record and giving 
the crew a receipt. Men fishing near the cannery deliver their catch 
alongside. Steamers and launches are used to tow out empty 
scows and bring in those filled. In the old days the fish were 
pitched by hand into bins on the wharves, but this laborious method 
has been superseded by the use of an elevator, which extends from a 
short distance above the top of the wharf to the water's edge, pro- 
vision being made for raising or lowering the lower end according to 
the stage of the tide. This elevator is slanting, and is made of an 
endless chain operating in a shallow trough. About every 2 feet 
there is attached to the chain a crosspiece of wood. At the top of the 
elevator are chutes which deliver the fish at various convenient spots 
on the cutting-room floor. 

At a few places tracks have been run down to the low-water stage 
and the steamers, launches, and scows come alongside these, small 
cars being run down to meet them, and be filled by men pitching the 
fish from the boats, the cars when filled being run up into the cutting 
room and dumped upon the floor. At other places men armed with 
pews (single-tined forks) pitch the fish up to the wharf, where other 
men pitch them to the cutters. 

If the salmon have been in the scow t s for from 20 to 24 hours they 
are used as soon as possible after being delivered at the cannery: 
otherwise that length of time is usually allowed to elapse, the can- 
nerymen claiming that if not allowed to shrink the fish will be in such 
condition that when packed much juice w r ill be formed, so that in 
"blowing," after cooking, light-weight cans will be produced. The 
danger of canning fish that are too fresh, however, is of minor im- 
portance as compared with the tendency in the other direction. 

Before dressing the fish a stream of water is kept playing over them 
in order to remove the dirt and slime, after which men with pews 
separate the different species into piles. 



50 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

DRESSING. 

The majority of the canneries still use the old hand method of 
dressing the fish, and in such places the selection of the butchering or 
dressing gangs is of prime importance. Two men constitute a " butch- 
er's gang," and the number of these gangs is dependent upon the 
output of the plant. Boys place the fish, with the head out, upon 
the cutting tables. One man cuts off the heads, and is followed by 
another who removes the fins, tails, and viscera. The offal is thrown 
into a chute, whence it passes into the water under the cannery, 
while the dressed fish is transferred to a tank of water, to be scaled, 
washed, and scraped. It is then passed to another tank of water, 
where it receives a second washing, scraping, and final brushing 
with a whisklike broom, which removes any offal, blood, and scales 
that were overlooked in the first washing, after which it is removed 
to large bins on either side of the cutting machine. 

The most useful cannery inventions in recent years have been of 
machines for doing the work of the dressing gangs. Several have 
been invented and work more or less satisfactorily. The one now 
in general use in canneries where such machines are employed was 
first used in 1903 at Fairhaven (now Bellingham) , Wash. It removes 
the head, tail, and fins and opens and thoroughly cleans the fish 
ready to cut into pieces for the cans. By the use of these machines 
the dressing gang is almost entirely done away with, dispensing with 
15 to 20 men. 

CUTTING. 

The usual method of cutting the salmon is by a machine. This 
is generally a large wooden cylindrical carrier, elliptical in shape, 
thus having a larger carrying capacity. Ledges or rests on the outside 
the length of the carrier are wide enough to hold the fish, and are 
slit in cross section through the ledges and outer casing to receive 
the gang knives. The latter are circular, fixed on an axle at the 
proper distances apart, and revolve at the highest point reached by 
the carrier and independently of the latter. The carrier and gang 
knives are set in motion, each revolving on its own shaft. As a rest 
on the carrier comes to a horizontal position, men stationed at the 
fish bins lay a fish on each ledge as it passes. Thence it is conveyed 
to the revolving gang knives and, after being divided, passes through 
on the downward course, sliding off the rest into the filling chute. 
The knives in these machines are so arranged as to cut the fish 
transversely in sections the exact length of the cans to be filled. 

The rotary cutter shunts the tail pieces to one side, and these are 
carried by means of a chute to baskets. But few of the larger tail 
pieces are canned, the rest being thrown away, this forming a con- 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 51 

siderable part of the tremendous annual waste of the salmon can- 
neries. As the tail portion is much smaller, with less meat, it can 
not be placed in the cans with the middle and head sections without 
detracting from their value, but if packed under a distinct and 
separate label, as is now done in a few canneries, there is no reason 
why the tails should not supply the demand for a cheap grade of fish. 

In some of the smaller canneries, especially in those packing flat 
cans, the gang knives are worked by hand. In this case the knives 
are not circular, but elongated or semicircular in shape, tapering at 
the outer ends. They are mounted on an axle having a large iron 
lever at one end, and when this lever is raised the ends of the gang 
knives are thrown up and back. The fish is then placed in position 
under them and the lever pulled forward, the knives, with a scimitar- 
like movement, dividing the fish. 

The original method of cutting was by means of a long knife- 
wielded by a Chinaman who stood at a regular butcher's block. 
Although his strokes were incredibly quick, the rotary cutting ma- 
chine is a vast improvement over the old way. 

SALTING. 

Every can of salmon is seasoned with one-fourth of an ounce of 
salt, which, to insure uniformity, is added by mechanical means. A 
table is used, in the top of which are holes equal distances apart. 
On the under side of the top is a sheet-iron plate, with an equal 
number of holes, which slides in a groove at the sides, and is worked 
either by a hand or foot lever. Just below is an open space large 
enough to accommodate a tray holding 3G or 48 cans. A workman 
stands in front of the table and slides a tray of cans into the open 
space. He then throws a quantity of salt upon the table and im- 
mediately scrapes this off with a thin piece of wood, each hole being 
filled in the operation, and the salt being prevented from falling 
through by the iron plate underneath. The lever is then pressed, the 
iron plate moves forward until the holes in it are directly under the 
table top. when the salt drops through into the cans. This opera- 
tion can be repeated four or five times in a minute. 

FILLING THE CANS. 

Most canneries now use filling machines, although a few, more 
particularly those packing flat and odd-sized cans, still fill by hand. 

The filling machine consists of a chute with a belt to which are 
attached wire racks about 4 inches apart, set at an angle to prevent 
the salt from spilling out, into which the salted cans are fed from the 
floor above and pass into the machine. At the same time the divided 
sections of salmon pass down another chute into the mouth of what 



52 SALMON FISHEKIES OP PACIFIC COAST. 

looks like a hand coffee mill. They pass through here down a 
smaller chute and are forced by two dogs into a receptacle through 
which the plunger, or filler, passes. Here the plunger comes opposite 
the open mouth of the empty can, which when it reaches this point 
is caught by a clasp or hook and held in front of the plunger, which 
is immediately thrust forward through a chamber filled with salmon, 
cutting the fish longitudinally and at the same time filling the 
can. The next movement forces the can out upon a table. When 
running at full speed one of these machines will fill about 80 cans a 
minute. 

On being released by the clamp the cans roll upon a long table 
and are picked up by a man stationed here, who strikes each one 
upon a square piece of lead set in the table, in order to settle the 
contents down into the can and for the purpose of detecting any 
deficiency in weight. If not quite full the cans are pushed to the 
other side of the table, where a man adds the quantity of fish needed, 
a supply of small bits being kept at hand for this purpose. Gen- 
erally the cans overrun in weight, frequently as much as an ounce. 
Occasionally a can is weighed in order to see that the machine is 
in perfect adjustment. 

In the hand method the fillers stand on each side of a long table 
with a trough running down the middle from end to end. This is 
filled with the cut pieces of salmon, and the fillers, usually women 
and children, put into the cans large pieces at first and then smaller 
pieces to occupy the vacant spaces. 

WASHING THE CANS. 

The cans are put upon an endless belt by a workman and pass from 
the filling-machine table to the washing machine. This is a rotating 
apparatus, consisting of an iron framework holding 10 rests or 
stands on which the cans sit. Immediately overhead are small per- 
pendicular shafts with an iron cap, the diameter of a can, fixed to 
the end of each. Each can as it reaches the machine is caught by 
one of the washers and the cap brought down over the top, a tight- 
fitting flange preventing water from getting inside. Revolving rap- 
idly as it goes, with a stream of water against it of sufficient force 
to remove the dirt and grease, the can is carried until the machine 
has revolved 180 degrees, when it is released and passes out on a 
belt. A more modern method is to use jets of steam for washing, 
while one of the latest devices is to clean the cans by a cold-air blast 
which strikes directly on the top edge. A set of brushes against 
which the cans revolve is used in a few canneries. 

After being washed the cans continue on an endless belt and 
pass two children whose duty is to put a small piece of scrap tin 
on the top of each. These pieces are called " chips," are from 1| 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 53 

to 2 inches, and are scraps from the sheet tin used in making the 
tops of the cans. The shape is of no particular importance so long 
as the pieces are long enough to cover the hole in the top of the can, 
or the cap as it is called. 

CAPPING. 

The endless belt delivers the can to the capping or topping ma- 
chine. On reaching this the can passes under a cap holding a top, 
the latter being fed in through a separate aperture, and the cap 
immediately falls with just sufficient force to put the top on the can 
without injuring either. The can is then forced out from under the 
capper by the rotation of the machine, and the next capper is brought 
around to receive another can. As the cans revolve they are carried 
under a crimper, situated directly opposite the capper, which presses 
the edge firmly around the body. While one can is being topped 
another is being crimped, after which it rolls out upon a belt on its 
side, and is taken through the acid trough. Before the tops are 
sealed the edges must be treated with a solution of muriatic acid, 
which is in a glass receptacle and is applied as the cans are rolled 
through the acid trough on the endless belt. 

SOLDERING. 

For many years the tops and also all other parts of a can were sol- 
dered by hand, a long, tedious, and expensive process, which even- 
tually gave way to the soldering machine. This is composed of an 
endless chain about 6 feet long, revolving around two shafts at either 
end of an iron trough. In the bottom of the trough is the solder, 
which is kept at molten heat by a row of oil blast jets underneath. 
Between the lower part of the chain and trough is just enough room 
for a can to pass without jamming, and they are forced along the 
trough by a chain in contact with their sides. They enter the trough 
at an angle, their bottoms slightly inclined, which causes the top 
rim to be submerged in solder, thus distributing it evenly all around 
the edge. 

In passing through the trough the cans make about half a dozen 
revolutions, which cause the tops to become very hot, and it is to 
prevent them from being blown off by the pressure of the steam 
which quickly generates that the center hole in the top is made. The 
"chip" previously mentioned prevents the hole from being choked 
with salmon. 

A soldering machine having, instead of the endless chain to give 
motion to the cans, a metal spiral running the length of the machine 
and revolving on an axle through the center, is used in some can- 
neries. Each loop grasps a can and follows it to the end, thus giv- 
ing the cans the proper motion and preventing them from rolling 



54 SALMON FISHEKIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

side by side and lapping the solder over the ends, as is frequently the 
case with the chain machines. 

A few canneries use a revolving cooler, which has a disk upon 
which the cans rest. This disk is filled with running water, and 
after it makes two revolutions the cans are forced into an inclined 
trough under a stream of water. The usual method, however, is 
for the cans on leaving the soldering machine to pass under sev- 
eral jets of water to set the solder and at the end of the belt to be 
transferred by workmen to coolers or crates, which are made of flat 
strap iron, square shaped, and hold about 9G cans. The crate having 
been filled, it is placed upon a square truck and rolled aside, where 
the vent holes are stopped with a drop of solder. 

TESTING. 

The testing tank is a square wooden tank filled with water heated 
almost to the boiling point by steam pipes arranged in a coil at the 
bottom. The crates are hoisted into the test tank by a block and 
tackle attached to an overhead track, which permits the coolers to be 
swung to any place desired. 

This test is for the purpose of detecting leaks due to imperfect 
soldering and is conducted by two workmen skilled in this operation. 
The slightest leak is detected by the appearance of small bubbles 
issuing from the cans. The spots where the bubbles appear are 
marked with a small iron tool held in the hand, and the cans are 
taken out and placed in small wooden trays, in which they are carried 
to the bench men, whose duty it is to mend them. Cans that have 
been mended are again tested as before. The bench men are located 
in front of a long bench on which are numerous fire pots, supplied 
with oil and air led through small tubes, in which the soldering irons 
are kept heated, the heat and air being regulated by connecting 
valves. Kerosene oil and gasoline are the fuels generally used now. 

COOKING. 

The salmon are invariably cooked in rectangular retorts which rest 
in a bed and have a track running the long way. In front of each is 
a turntable for the purpose of receiving trucks coming from any direc- 
tion. Four trucks each holding 6 crates of cans, piled one upon 
another, are run into the retort, which is then closed and steam 
turned on, entering at the bottom. The amount of pressure is from 
6 to 12 pounds, the heat 250° F. In most establishments the first 
cooking is continued about 60 minutes. 

After the first cooking the crates are taken out and placed on a 
long table called a " venting table," where the cans are pricked with 
a wooden-headed hammer fitted with a small brad, to allow the steam 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 55 

and superfluous water to escape. After the venting lias been done the 
holes are soldered up, the crates again loaded on a truck and rolled 
into the second retort, where they are subjected to the same pressure 
of steam and heat as in the first cooking and for a period of about 60 
minutes. 

In some canneries the retorts for first cooking are made of heavy 
plank, well bolted to resist the steam pressure. 

In the early days much secrecy and mystery was thrown about the 
cooking, and the work was carried on in a separate room, known as 
the " bathroom, 11 under lock and key. The first cooking was done in 
common tubs. The early retorts were made of wood. Later, round 
iron kettles were substituted, nearly one-half consisting of cover, and 
round crates were used for holding the cans. 

For many years cannery men believed that the double cooking of 
salmon was absolutely necessary, but in 1898 Mr. F. A. Seufert, at 
his cannery on the Columbia River, at Seuferts, Oreg., a short dis- 
tance above The Dalles, discarded this idea, and has since used a one- 
cooking method. By the new process the cans are tested for leaks 
after the center hole in the top is soldered up, as before, and are left 
in the retort 70 minutes at 245° F. and 12 pounds steam pressure. 
According to its originator, this method saves more than one-half 
the labor in the bathroom, saves nearly one-half the labor in washing 
the cans after cooking, and also better retains the color of the fish. 

SANITARY, OR SOLDERLESS, CANS. 

A recent improvement in the canning business, and one which 
accomplishes the same purpose as the single cooking in retorts, is that 
of "sanitary cans, 1 ' so called. In order to use these cans a quite 
radical, but economical, change in machinery is necessary. As the 
cans leave the filling machine they pass into a steam exhauster, con- 
sisting of a box about 30 feet in length, in which are three endless- 
chain belts running side by side. Under and over each belt are steam 
coils, and under each of the lower coils are single pipes, which 
through small holes throw jets of live steam upon the coils, creating 
an intense heat. The cans pass along the first belt, are then trans- 
ferred to the second belt, on which they return to the entrance of the 
box, whence they pass to the third belt, and continuing along this to 
the end pass out to the topper and crimper, the whole operation occu- 
pying five minutes 1 time. One style of exhauster has 10 ovals formed 
by the pipe, and the cans pass along these from side to side of the 
exhauster until discharged at the far end. By this means the contents 
of the can are heated and the greater part of the air exhausted, which 
is the object of the first cooking in the retort under the method in 
general use. 



56 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

The topper and crimper is a circular machine with six rests for 
the cans. The first work performed by the machine is to " true up " 
the upper edge of the can, which is done by a plunger that presses 
the upper flange of the can upon a shoulder. In the meantime the 
top, which is coated around the outer edge with cement, has been 
automatically fed into the machine, is now clamped on the can, and 
by another operation is crimped on tight. The cans then leave the 
machine on an endless conveyer and pass to the men who transfer 
them to the coolers, and these are immediately placed upon the trucks 
and run into the retort for the one cooking they are to receive. The 
time they are to remain here is somewhat variable, 70 to 125 minutes 
with a temperature of 212° F. being the common period. 

By the use of these cans the soldering machine, and in fact all use 
of solder and acid, is done away with, a distinct sanitary improve- 
ment, for sometimes the substances would get into the can and cause 
a deleterious chemical change in the contents. It also does away with 
the first cooking and the subsequent venting and soldering, a saving 
both in labor and time consumed. 

REPAIRING CANS. 

Imperfect cans which are repaired before the first cooking are 
naturally in the same condition as if there had been no defects. If 
the leaks are discovered after cooking and are repaired at once and 
the contents recooked, they are still very good, the only difficulty 
being that by blowing or venting them a second time they lose weight, 
The above goods usually go in with the regular pack of their kind 
and are not classed as regular " do-overs." 

When, however, a cannery is running at full capacity, defective 
cans can not always be repaired and recooked at once and are some- 
times set aside for days. Decomposition follows, of course, as with 
any other meat that is exposed to the air, and the fish becomes unfit 
for food. When recooked the meat becomes mushy and the blowing 
or venting makes the cans very light, a defect which is frequently 
corrected by adding salt water. This, the " do-over," is the lowest 
class of goods. In the old days, and even yet to some extent, such 
cans are sold without labels to brokers, or else are given some indefi- 
nite label, perhaps with the name of some fictitious cannery, and sold 
in the lumber, mining, or negro districts, or shipped to foreign coun- 
tries with less fastidious tastes in the matter of salmon. In 1910 one 
of the leading companies of Alaska adopted the policy of throwing 
overboard all " do-overs." 

On coming from the second retort the crates are lowered into a 
bath of lye, or, as in some canneries, the cans are run through such a 
bath on an endless belt, which, with the aid of a slight rinsing and a 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 57 

few rubs with a brush over the top, removes from the can all the 
grease and other material, and then passes them into another bath 
where the lye is washed off in hot fresh water. The cans then go to 
the cooling room, where a stream of water is played upon them, or, 
during rainy weather are placed out of doors upon the wharf, and 
there allowed to cool. 

The top and bottom of the cans contract in cooling, and for several 
hours a sharp popping noise is heard. Here, as in nearly every proc- 
ess through which they pass, the cans are again tested, this time by 
tapping the tops with a small piece of iron about 6 inches long, or, 
sometimes, a 12-penny nail. The sound conveys to the ear of the 
tester an unmistakable meaning as to the condition of the can. and 
the faulty cans that escape notice during the other tests are invari- 
ably found in this one. 

LACQUERING. 

An almost universal custom in the salmon-canning industry, but 
one that is not common in the canning of vegetables, fruits, etc., is 
that of lacquering the cans. This idea of protecting the can on the 
outside has been followed from the very beginning, for two reasons: 
(1) That the English market which, at that time especially, absorbed 
the greater part of these goods, insisted on their shipments being- 
finished in this way, and (2) from the fact, as these canners speedily 
found out, that if they did not protect their cans in some way enor- 
mous losses through rust would ensue. 

The first experiment of this nature was to paint the cans by hand 
with red paint, treating each singly. Next a composition of logwood 
extract and alcohol was tried, which, however, did not produce satis- 
factory results for a very plain reason — the can was dyed instead of 
being lacquered. The next attempt was to varnish the cans with a 
japan varnish reduced with alcohol, but this was found to dry too 
slowly for speedy handling. After extended experimentation the 
quick-drying brown lacquer of the present time was evolved, which 
carries asphaltum in the form of an asphalt varnish as its base, this 
being supplanted in some cases by gilsonite. This lacquer can be pro- 
cured in either a heavy or light body, is generally reduced with ben- 
zine or gasoline, and is applied according to the requirements of the 
market, which in some localities demands a heavy coating and in 
others a much lighter finish, the latter giving a rich golden brown 
color. Some experiments have also been made in using brighter col- 
ored lacquers for this work. Several of these, made to give a bright 
golden, copper, or other color, are extremely attractive in appearance, 
while at the same time protecting the tin against rust quite as well 
as the brown. 



58 SALMON FISHEKIES OP PACIFIC COAST. 

The industry soon outgrew the hand method of lacquering, and the 
process which for a number of years was universal in the trade, and 
is still used by some canneries, succeeded it. For this there are a 
number of rectangular box vats about 40 by 80 inches and 18 inches in 
depth, the number varying with the capacity of the cannery. These 
are usually lined with galvanized metal and provided with a grid- 
iron-shaped iron frame, hung from a windlass or other tackle for 
lifting or lowering from top to bottom of the vat. The cans are 
loaded on this gridiron, being placed in an inclined position to allow 
the draining of the lacquer, and are lowered in the vat sufficiently to 
submerge them in the lacquer wifh which the vat is charged to a 
depth of 7 to 10 inches. The loaded gridiron is then raised to the 
top of the vat and the cans allowed to drain and dry before piling. 
This method, while being more effective in regard to the volume of 
work, was still of necessity a very slow and tedious operation. In 
damp or rainy weather, especially when it is not possible to open 
warehouse doors and windows, the gas arising from a number of 
these vats makes effective drying almost impossible. 

Another principal objection to this method of lacquering, which 
applied also to all earlier attempts, was the impossibility of obtaining 
an even coat of lacquer when the can was allowed to dry in any 
stationary position. There was also a large waste by evaporation. 

Notwithstanding repeated efforts at invention, however, it was not 
until 1001 that an effective machine for handling this difficult work 
was put on the market. The apparatus now in use by a number of 
canneries receives the cans on a revolving wheel fitted with rests for 
holding them while passing through the lacquer bath. From here 
they roll upon an endless chain which revolves the cans as they pass 
through a long box in which a hot blast dries them before they 
reach the end of the machine. The rotating or rolling motion 
given to the can after the lacquer bath, preventing the lacquer from 
draining to and consequently accumulating on any part of its sur- 
face, also has the effect of distributing the lacquer evenly and results 
in a clean and neatly finished can. The air blast facilitates the work 
of drying to such an extent that it requires only about two minutes 
after being deposited on the drying bed of the machine for the cans 
to be ready for handling, while the quantity of cans which can be han- 
dled in a day is vastly greater than by the old method. 

A few flat and oval cans are not lacquered, but are protected from 
rust by wrapping in tissue paper, over which the label is placed. 

LABELING. 

While machines have been made for this purpose, and some of them 
are in use, the work is usually done by hand. A number of men 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 59 

seat themselves about 4 feet apart in front of the pile of cans. 
Each man has in front of him a package of several hundred labels, 
and by bunching them on a slant so that successive margins protrude 
beyond each preceding, he can apply paste to the entire number with 
one stroke of the brush. A can is placed on the label, is quickly rolled, 
and the label is on much quicker than one can tell it. Each man 
places to his right the cans he labels, forming a pile of length and 
width equal to his unlabeled pile, and when the entire lot has been 
labeled it has been shifted only about 4 feet. Cans of fancy brands 
of salmon put up on the Columbia River and in the Puget Sound 
region are wrapped in colored tissue paper before the label is put on. 
Cartons similar to those used by the sardine packers would make good 
containers for fancy brands and would be much cheaper than the 
present method. 

Several attempts have been made to popularize salmon packed in 
glass and porcelain jars, and while these have met with some favor, 
it was not sufficient to warrant a continuance of the practice for any 
length of time. None are being so packed at the present time. 

BRANDS. 

A very important feature of the canning industry is the selection 
of appropriate brands or labels for the various grades of salmon. 
Each company has a number of these, which it has acquired either 
by designing them or by absorbing another company which owned 
them. A well-known brand has a value in itself and sometimes is 
a very important asset. A company will sometimes market a con- 
siderable part of its product in one section, and here, where the 
consumer has become familiar with the brand and pleased Avith the 
contents of the can, he will ask for and accept no other, despite the 
fact that the latter might be, and probably is, the equal of the 
product he has been using. 

Up to a few years ago one of the most serious evils in the trade 
was the use of misleading and lying brands. The high-grade product 
would almost invariably be correctly and fully branded, but " chums " 
and " pinks " were usually branded as " Fresh salmon," " Choice 
salmon," etc., which would deceive all persons but those well ac- 
quainted with the industry. " Do-overs " and very poor fish were 
usually marketed under a brand which bore the name of a fictitious 
company or of no company at all. 

The passage of State laws of varying degrees of efficiency govern- 
ing the branding of salmon helped slightly to remedy this condition 
of affairs, but it was not until the Pure Food and Drugs Act, approved 
June 30, 1906, was put into force by the Government that any radical 
improvement was noticeable. At the present time but few mislead- 
ing brands are in use. 



60 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

BOXING OR CASING. 

A case of salmon generally contains 48 one-pound cans or their 
equivalent, i. e., 24 two-pound cans or 96 half-pound cans. Some 
canneries pack their half-pound cans in cases of 48. These cases are 
usually made of wood and cost from 9 to 11 cents each knocked down. 

CAN MAKING. 

Some of the canneries in the coast States purchase their cans ready 
made, but the usual method is to purchase the sheet tin and make 
up the cans in the canneries. This is especially necessary in Alaska, 
as it would be impossible to find room on the cannery ships for such 
a bulk as they would make in addition to the other supplies necessary. 
Furthermore, the making of cans provides work for a large part of 
the crew, otherwise unemployed while the rest are getting ready the 
other necessary paraphernalia. The work is done by machinery 
and occupies several weeks' time. 

MILD CURING. 

The beginning of the business of mild curing salmon, or " sweet 
pickling," as it is sometimes called, is of comparatively recent date. 

In 1889 a German dealer came to the Columbia River and tried to 
interest some of the cannery men in the business. Messrs. J. O. Han- 
thorn, M. J. Kinney, and J. W. Cook were persuaded to prepare 
some, and the plant of the Northwest Cold Storage Company, at 
Portland, was used to keep the fish at a low temperature during 
repacking and preparation for shipment. These fish were shipped 
to Germany, but the shippers received no financial returns, word 
coming back that the fish were not satisfactory. 

Owing to this lack of success from the first effort no further at- 
tempt was made until 1894, when Mueller & Loring, of Chicago, put 
up a carload of mild-cured salmon at Kalama, Wash., and shipped it 
to Germany. In 1896 Charles Ruckles and Wallace Brothers, of 
Kalama, packed several carloads for the German market. It was 
not until 1898 that the business was permanently established on the 
Columbia, the Trescott Packing Company and S. Schmidt & Sons 
putting up plants at Warrenton and Astoria, respectively. 

In 1900 the Trescott Packing Company began packing the spring 
and fall runs, and the Sacramento River Packers' Association packed 
the fall run, on the Sacramento River, the business being carried on 
here every year since. 

In 1901 the Sacramento River Packers' Association began at Monte- 
rey the mild curing of the spring salmon that were taken with hook 
and line in the open ocean. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 61 

S. Ellmore & Company started the industry in 1902 at Tillamook, 
and the business began on Puget Sound in 1001, when the San Juan 
Fishing & Packing Company and the Seattle Fish Company took 
it up. 

Prior to 11)06 several of the Alaska cannery men put up each season 
a few tierces of mild-cured salmon, but it was not until this time 
that the industry really began as such. In that year J. Lindenberger 
(Inc.) started packing at Ketchikan, Alaska. The following year 
several other plants were started, and in 1010 almost all of the king 
salmon taken in southeast Alaska were mild cured. 

In mild curing the fish are split down the middle, the head, tail, 
and all fins except the pectorals removed, and the backbone cut out. 
The fish is then in two halves. Each of these halves, or sections, is 
then scored on the outside eight or nine times with the knife. They 
are then thrown into a cleaning vat, and here the inner side of each 
section is carefully scraped clear of blood and membrane with a 
knife, while the outside is thoroughly cleaned with a scrubbing 
brush. The sections are then laid carefully inner side up in another 
vat partly filled with clear, cold, running water, or into a tierce 
partly filled with fresh water and cracked ice, in which they remain 
for an hour. Formerly the fish were put into brine, but it has been 
found that ice water answers the purpose much better. After being 
thoroughly cooled, the sections are salted down in the tierces, each 
one being laid with its tail toward the center. Usually about 50 
whole fish are required to fill a tierce. The fish are but lightly 
salted, and owing to this fact must be kept in cold storage until used. 

In the early days of the industry different preparations, which 
included salicylic and boracic acids, were used to help preserve the 
fish. This caused much complaint from the Germans, and finally 
their Government subjected our product to a rigid inspection, with 
most salutary results, as now it is one of the purest and best prod- 
ucts put up on this coast, the use of acids being done away with 
entirely. 

The king salmon is almost invariably the species mild cured, being 
the only one large enough to answer the requirements of the trade. 
In 1907 a Ketchikan, Alaska, packer put up a quantity of coho, dog, 
and humpback salmon, but he found so much difficulty in disposing 
of the product that he abandoned further efforts in this line. 

The principal consumers of the mild-cured salmon are the smokers, 
who take them from the tierce, wash them for a few minutes, and 
then have a practically fresh fish to smoke, and not, as in the days 
when hard-pickled salmon were used, one that had lost most of its 
oil and flavor through the excessive amount of salt needed to pre- 
serve it. 



62 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

The greater part of the product put up on this coast goes to Eu- 
rope, Germany being the principal consumer, but considerable quan- 
tities are sold in Norway, Sweden, and other countries, while the 
smokers of the cities east of the Rocky Mountains use large ship- 
ments every year. 

PICKLING. 

The earliest method of preserving salmon on the coast was by 
pickling. At times this industry attained to large proportions, but 
during the last 10 years it has been declining, largely because of the 
increasing popularity of mild-cured salmon. All species of salmon 
are pickled, but the most popular is the red salmon. 

In dressing salmon for pickling the heads are removed, the fish 
split along the belly, the cut ending with a downward curve on the 
tail. The viscera and two-thirds of the backbone are removed, and 
the blood, gurry, and black stomach membrane scraped away. The 
fish are then thoroughly scrubbed and washed in cold water. They 
are next placed in pickling butts with about 15 pounds of salt to 
every 100 pounds of fish. The fish remain here about one week, when 
they are removed, rubbed clean with a scrub brush, and repacked in 
market barrels, one sack of salt being used to every three barrels of 
200 pounds each. About 40 to 52 red salmon, 25 to 35 coho salmon, 
70 to 80 humpback salmon, 10 to 14 king salmon, and 25 to 30 dog 
salmon are required in packing a barrel of pickled salmon. 

A few salteries also pack " bellies." This product is merely the 
belly of the fish, which is the fattest portion, and as most of the 
packers threw away the rest of the fish, thus causing a very large 
waste of choice food, this method has come under the ban of the law 
in some of the coast States and in Alaska. As a result but few 
" bellies " are packed now, and most of these only when some economic 
use is made of the remainder. Humpback salmon furnish the major 
part of the " belly " pack. 

DRY SALTING. 

During the progress of the Russian-Japanese War the preparation 
of dry-salted dog salmon became an important industry, but as soon 
as the Japanese fishermen resumed their former occupations the de- 
mand fell off so much that the industry was virtually abandoned in 
the United States, although a number of Japanese continue it in 
British Columbia. The fish, after being dressed, were packed in 
boxes, in salt, these boxes holding about 560 pounds of fish, and were 
shipped in this condition to Japan. 

At a number of places in Alaska the bellies of red and coho salmon 
are cut out and salted, after which the backs are dried in the sun and, 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 63 

thus cured, are used for fox food at the numerous fox ranches. This 
product is called " ukalu." 

SMOKING. 

The smoking of salmon is virtually a continuation of the pickling, 
as the fish must be pickled before being smoked, the main purpose of 
the pickling being to preserve them until the time arrives for smok- 
ing, which may be weeks or months after the fish are caught. For 
smoking them the salmon are taken out of the barrel and soaked 
until as much as possible of the salt is removed. They are then put 
into the smokehouses and subjected to the heat and smoke of a fairly 
hot fire for about two days in order that they may be thoroughly 
dried and hardened. Exposure to a smoldering lire (alderwood is 
a favorite fuel) for about three days completes the process. 

For shipment smoked salmon are packed in wooden boxes, oil 
paper being placed between the fish. 

A variation of the smoking process is known as ""kippering." 
With this method the salmon are dried in a hot fire for about 20 
hours and then smoked over another hot fire for about 24 hours. 
The "buckling" process is also similar to this. 

Dog and king salmon are often cut into steaks and kippered. As 
the sale of white-meated king salmon is somewhat hampered by the 
whiteness, the smokers use a coloring preparation, known in the 
trade as Zanzibar carmine. This gives the outside of the fish a deep- 
colored red gloss, but leaves the inside its natural white color. The 
steaks are wrapped in paper and packed in baskets holding 10 pounds 
each. 

A smoked product known locally as "beleke," is put up at Kodiak, 
Alaska, from red and colio salmon. Steelhead trout are the best 
for this purpose, but are not often utilized owing to their scarcity 
in this region. In preparing " beleke " only the backs of the fish 
are used, the belly part being cut out and pickled separately. The 
backs are divided into three grades, according to size, viz, " small," 
" medium," and " large." They are first put into a brine, the " large " 
being put in first, followed by the "medium" and "small" at in- 
tervals of 1 hour each, so that all will be cured at about the same 
time. The coho backs, being the largest, are kept in the brine from 
19 to 20 hours, while the red salmon backs, which are smaller, re- 
main in the brine only about 16 hours. After being thoroughly 
salted the backs are removed from the brine and rinsed in fresh 
water, then hung in the air for about 21 hours to dry and to allow 
a thin skin to form on the outside. They are then hung in the smoke- 
house, in the presence of a little fire of cottonwood or alder. On dry 
days the gable windows -arc thrown open and the wind allowed to 
101379°— 11 5 



64 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

pass through while the smoking is going on. The smoking must 
be done slowly, two weeks being devoted to it. 

There is a good demand for this product locally, the fish selling 
for from 15 to 20 cents a pair, but little effort has been made to ex- 
tend its sale outside of central Alaska. 

FREEZING. 

The process of preserving fish by freezing was first introduced 
in 1888. Previous to this the comparatively ancient method of 
packing with ice, or in rare instances letting the fish freeze naturally 
during the winter months, was followed. Packing with ice is in 
quite general use to-day for shipments of fish which are to be pre- 
served for short periods of time. Cooling with ice never results in a. 
temperature lower than 32° F., which, of course, does not freeze 
the fish. 

The freezing of salmon and steelhead trout began on the Sacra- 
mento and Columbia Rivers in the late eighties. It was taken up 
in a small way on Puget Sound in 1892. That year Wallace Bros, 
and Ainsworth & Dunn froze a small lot, and the venture was so 
successful that the next year nearly all of the wholesale dealers on 
the Sound took up the business. In Alaska the preparing of frozen 
salmon began in 1902. The San Juan Fishing & Packing Company, 
soon to be succeeded by the Pacific Cold Storage Company, put up a 
cannery and cold-storage plant at Taku Harbor, in southeast Alaska, 
in 1901, though it did not operate the cold-storage portion until 1902. 
This is the only plant which has operated in Alaska, although the 
New England Fish Company erected in 1909 a large plant at Ketchi- 
kan for the freezing of halibut primarily, but will probably freeze 
salmon also. 

The freezing of salmon is almost invariably carried on in connec- 
tion with other methods of handling and preserving, and the purpose 
is usually to secure the fish when numerous and cheap, freeze them, 
and then hold them until the runs are over and the fish are once 
more in good demand at high prices. The business proved so profit- 
able, however, that the dealers began to look for wider markets for 
their product. Europe, more especially Germany, was prospected 
and a profitable market soon delevoped, with the result that to-day 
frozen Pacific salmon can be secured in nearly every town of any 
size in western Europe, while large quantities are marketed all over 
our own country. 

There are four important features in packing and using frozen 
salmon: (1) To get fresh fish; (2) to keep them cold (about 15° 
above zero) after they are frozen; (3) to keep a coat of ice on them, 
and (4) to allow them to thaw slowly in cold water before cooking. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 65 

In selecting salmon for freezing only the finest and freshest of 
each species are used. The current belief that freezing destroys the 
flavor of the fish is erroneous, the flavor depending entirely upon the 
condition before freezing, and the quicker they are frozen after 
being caught the better will the natural flavor of the fish be pre- 
served. Frozen salmon are just as wholesome as fresh, and their 
chemical constituents are almost identical. The danger lies in the 
temptation to freeze the fish after decomposition has set in, but, 
fortunately, this is now very rarely practiced in the salmon industry. 

The coho, or silver, and the chum, or dog, salmon are the choicest 
of the salmons for freezing. The other species except the red, or 
sockeye, which is too oily and rarely frozen, are also frozen in vary- 
ing quantities. The steelhead trout, which is ranked by the Pacific 
coast dealers among the salmon, is considered the ehoicest fish of all 
for freezing. 

One of the most modern plants on the coast — that of the New 
England Fish Company, at Ketchikan, Alaska — has four freezers, 
each 25 feet by 10 feet 6 inches, in which a temperature of from 25° 
to 30° F. below zero can be maintained if desired, although a tempera- 
ture of more than 10 below zero is rarely ever required. All freezing 
is by direct expansion and each freezer is piped with about 2 feet of 
1^-inch pipe per cubic foot of freezing space. The bunkers in the 
freezers are in pairs, each nine pipes wide, spaced 10 inches apart. 
This leaves a Mi-foot passage through the center of each freezer 
opposite the 31 by 6i foot swing doors. The salmon are laid on 
pans, which are placed on the tiers of pipes. 

After freezing, the salmon are passed through openings in the 
rear of the freezers into the glazing room, which has a temperature 
of about 20°F., where they are dipped into water, and when removed 
are covered with a thin glaze of ice, which may be thickened by re- 
peated dippings. This is an extra precaution to exclude the air 
from the fish. 

After being thoroughly frozen and glazed, each fish is covered 
first with a parchment, like rolls of butter, and then with a piece of 
heavy brown paper. They are then packed in boxes holding about 
250 pounds each, placed in the cold-storage cars and shipped. 

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. 

A few years ago a company on the Columbia River put up what 
was known as " fish pudding." In preparing this the salmon was 
ground fine, mixed with milk and eggs, and then packed in tin cans. 
The preparation was soon abandoned. 

In 1003 one of the Point Roberts canneries packed a new product 
which was called " salmon paste." For this the fish was ground up, 



66 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

cooked, seasoned with spices, etc., and made into fish balls, a very 
palatable dish when warmed over. 

In 1905 a Seattle concern began the manufacture of wienerwurst 
sausages from halibut and salmon. 

The Indians in the Bristol Bay region of Alaska occasionally 
dress the skins of salmon and make of them leather for the tops of 
boots, also bags and other small articles. 

Every year immense quantities of salmon roe are thrown away 
in the fisheries of the west coast, though there is but little doubt 
that, if properly prepared, a market could be found for this now 
waste part of the fish. In France there is a good market for a 
product known as u rogue," which is the spawn of cod, haddock, 
hake, and pollock salted in casks, and which is used as bait in the 
sardine fisheries. Salmon spawn is the choicest and most successful 
bait used on this coast, and if properly prepared would undoubtedly 
answer the purpose as well, if not better, owing to its oiliness and 
attractive color, than the regular "rogue." The roes should be 
soaked for some days in old brine and then packed in strong casks 
holding about 25 gallons each. It might also prove to be a good bait 
for tolling mackerel on the Atlantic coast. 

In 1910 a considerable quantity of salmon roe was prepared in 
Siberia and sold in competition with caviar, which is prepared from 
sturgeon eggs. The product met with favor in Europe and several 
Alaska firms are preparing to put it up in 1912. It should be pre- 
pared in the same manner as caviar. 

Several establishments are putting up these eggs in jars and her- 
metically sealed cans for use as bait in sport fishing. 

A product which was first made in Norway is prepared by means 
of an invention which quickly dries and pulverizes the flesh of 
fresh fish. The resulting powder, called k " fish flour," is easy to 
transport from one place to another and has great nutritive value. 
It is probable that the tailpieces of the fish, which are at present 
thrown away, and the cheaper grades of salmon might be prepared 
in this way and thus furnish another market for salmon. 

OIL AND FERTILIZER. 

As early as 1888 there was a small plant at Astoria. Oreg., where 
the refuse of the canneries was utilized for the manufacture of oil and 
fertilizer. In that year 8,000 gallons of oil (chiefly from salmon 
heads), and 90 tons of fertilizer were prepared. The oil was worth 
22^ cents per gallon and the fertilizer had a market value of $20 
per ton. Most of the refuse was dumped into the river, however. 
In 1898 a similar plant was established in the Puget Sound district 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 67 

of Washington, but for some reason the industry has languished 
almost from the start. 

In 1882 the Alaska Oil & Guano Company established a fertilizer 
plant at Killisnoo, Alaska, for the extraction of oil and fertilizer 
from herring, and has operated the plant continuously ever since. In 
some years large quantities of whole salmon have been handled at this 
plant, and the resulting product was found to sell as well as that 
from herring. 

Probably the most serious evil in the salmon industry to-day is the 
enormous wastage which annually occurs. About one-fourth of the 
total weight of each fish handled at the various packing plants is 
thrown away. With the exception of the tailpiece, which is dis- 
carded at most canneries owing to the excessive amount of bone 
which would be in the product if canned, this waste material could 
not be utilized as food, comprising as it does the head, viscera, fins, 
and tail. When not conveniently near the very few fertilizer plants 
at present in operation this product is either allowed to pass through 
chutes into the water under the cannery, or is dumped into scows 
and towed to the ocean or the deeper waters of the sounds, and here 
thrown overboard. This procedure, not only exceedingly wasteful, 
is also far from beneficial to the waters where deposited. 

The great desideratum in the salmon fisheries of the Pacific coast 
at the present time is the invention of a small odorless-fertilizer 
plant, costing not more than $2,500 or $3,000, which can be installed 
at the various salmon canneries and salteries. The offal from the 
cannery could there be utilized and the product obtained would 
doubtless net a fair return on such an investment, while at the same 
time the present (in the aggregate) enormous waste would be stopped, 
and the waters adjacent to the canneries rendered far more agreeable 
to the fishes as well as to the people on shore. It is absolutely essen- 
tial that the plant shall be odorless, as the smell of the ordinary fer- 
tilizer establishment would be very offensive to persons visiting the 
cannery and would not enhance the demand for canned salmon. At 
the present time the cheapest plant available costs about $10,000, and 
very few canneries can afford to invest this sum of money in the dis- 
posal of their own offal alone. 



VII. STATISTICS OF THE PACIFIC SALMON INDUSTRY IN 1909. 

This is the first report in which detailed statistics of the salmon 
fisheries of Washington, Oregon, California, and Alaska have been 
shown for the same year. Partial statistics of British Columbia and 
Yukon Territory of the Dominion of Canada are also included. 

PERSONS EMPLOYED. 

The large army of -28.945 men. women, and children were employed 
in the salmon fisheries of Alaska and the three coast States. Alaska 
leads with 11,433, followed by Washington. Oregon, and California 
in the order named. Over two-thirds of the grand total is made up 
of whites. The Chinese and Japanese have almost the same number, 
while 2,803 Indians were employed. 

Persons Engaged in the Salmon Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States and 

Alaska in 1909. 



Occupation and race. 


Alaska. 


Washing- 
ton. 


Oregon. 


Califor- 
nia. 


Total. 


Fishermen: 


2,486 

1,176 


4,426 

221 


4,179 


2,114 


13, 205 




1,397 






15 
168 


15 




13 






181 










Total 


3,675 


4,647 


4,179 


2, 297 


14,798 






Shoresmen: 

Whites 


■ 1,911 
1,246 
1,992 
2, 136 


2,091 
115 

1,270 
1,102 


404 


276 
15 


4,682 




1,376 




411 
256 


3,673 




. 5 


3,499 






Total 


7,285 


4,578 


1,071 


296 


13, 230 






Transporters: 


413 
30 


292 


70 


82 


887 




30 












Total . 


473 


292 


70 


82 


917 






Total: 

Whites 


4,840 
2,452 
1,992 
2,149 


6,809 

336 
1 , 270 
1,102 


4,653 


2,472 

15 

15 

173 


18,774 




2,803 




411 
256 


3,688 




3,680 








11,433 


9,517 


5,320 


2,675 


28,945 





INVESTMENT. 

The total investment in the salmon fisheries was $25,157,813, of 
which Alaska furnishes more than one-half. Gill nets are the princi- 
pal form of apparatus in use, followed by stationary traps, or pounds, 
diver nets, haul seines, purse seines, etc. 
68 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



69 



Investment in the Salmon Fisheries of the Pacific Coast States and Alaska 

in L909. 



Items. 



Alaska. 



Num- 
ber. 



Value. 



Washington. 



Oregon. 



Num- 
ber. 



Value. 



Num- 
ber. 



Value. 



Transporting vessels: 

Power vessels 

Tonnage 

Outfit 

Sailing vessels 

Tonnage 

Outfit 

Power boats 

Fishing boats, power 

Fishing boats, sail and row... 

Scows and house boats 

Pile drivers 

Apparatus, shore fisheries: 

Purse seines 

Haul seines 

Gill nets, drift 

Gill nets, set 

Diver nets 

Traps, stationary 

Traps, floating 

Reef nets 

Wheels, stationary 

Wheels, scow 

Spears 

Lines, trolling 

Lines, hand 

Shore and accessory property 
Cash capital 



133 
5,891 



$1,007, 944 



43 
59.761 



17 

(>0 

1,821 

310 

43 

9S 

94 

1,209 



Total. 



20 



266,986 

1,085,400 



93 
1,158 



$440, 500 



30 

2ss 



$119,900 



135, 625 



25, 350 



108,540 

24, SKI 
30.000 
211,671 
171,005 
90, 555 

27. 188 
27,731 

111,750 



130,794 
21,250 



5 

404 

2, 244 

398 

62 

101 

240 

1,620 

1,624 

48 

525 

1 

9 

13 

3 



30 
523 



5,601,259 
4,970,799 



13,948,271 



3,950 
472,650 
128,945 
168,673 
124, 350 

44, 150 
28,955 
168,831 
37,259 
10,100 
1,324,968 

L'. 000 

4,500 

70.000 

8,500 



15 
287 

1,890 
114 



48 
2,818 
1,122 

418 
21 



28,900 
139, 000 

224.545 

45, 050 

1,800 



16,280 

523,331 
27,014 
22, 375 
25, 750 



313,000 
22,000 



201 



1 , 730, 030 
1,424,500 



1,554,780 
551,500 



0,334,S07 



3,041,775 



Transporting vessels: 

Power vessels 

Tonnage 

Outfit 

Sailing vessels 

Tonnage 

Outfit 

Power boats 

Fishing boats, power 

Fishing boats, sail and row... 

Scows and house boats 

Pile drivers 

Apparatus, shore fisheries: 

Purse seines 

Haul seines 

Gill nets, drift 

Gill nets, set 

Diver nets 

Traps, stat ionary 

Traps, floating 

Reef nets 

Wheels, stationary 

Wheels, scow 

Spears 

Lines, trolling 

Lines, hand 

Shore and accessory property. 
Cash capital 



California. 



Number. Value 



Total . 



41 

171 

1,158 

50 



47 
1,086 



$37, 74S 



3, 920 



63,300 

91,050 
12.S. 245 
13,925 



5,650 
167,570 



1,149 

10 

497,393 
223.000 



1 . 232. 960 



Total. 



Number. Value 



200 

7, 393 



43 
59,701 



7,113 

S72 
107 

a 199 

*435 

' 6, 733 

d 2, 746 

e466 

019 

16 

9 

39 

12 

20 



81,666,092 



431, S81 
i. os:.. loo 



108,540 
120,990 
733,300 
693,406 
398,653 
216, 705 

71,338 

78,616 

971,488 

64, S73 

32, 535 

1,481,512 

23,250 

4,500 

3S9.000 

30, 500 

30 

1,933 

10 

9,383,462 

7,109.799 



25,157,813 



a Aggregate length of 104,570 yards. 
b Aggregate length of 111,558 yards. 
c Aggregate length of 2,356,847 yards. 



d Aggregate length of 151,655 yards. 
« Aggregate length of 65,800 yards. 



70 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



PRODUCTS. 

The total products amount to 365,336,482 pounds, which returned 
the fishermen $7,224,024. Bluebacks, sockeyes, or red salmon were 
most numerous in Alaska and Washington, chinooks hi California, 
coho or silver, dog or chum, and steelhead trout in Washington, while 
humpbacks were taken commercially in Alaska and Washington 
alone, being especially numerous in Alaska. 

Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Alaska and the Pacific Coast States 

in 1909. 



Species. 


Alaska. 


Washington. 


Oregon. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Blueback, sockeye or red 

Chinook, king or spring 


116,014,486 

8,959,544 

3,526,404 

9,456,048 

37,965,928 

11,050 


$1,029,079 

151,984 
41,233 
15.583 
95,065 
400 


77,280,9S9 
11.016.476 
21,328,466 
25,520,426 

17,495,586 
2.427,251 


82,835,666 
604,906 
554, 157 
L64 300 
46. 187 
130, 186 


844,324 

13.952.814 

5,184,520 

699,348 


$34,703 
736, 456 
127 204 


Dog or chum 

Humpback or pink 


3,818 




1,510.285 


66, 802 




Total 


175,934,060 


1,333,344 


155,069,194 


4,335,702 


22,191,291 


968,983 





Species. 



Blueback, sockeye or red. 
Chinook, king or spring... 

Coho, silver or white 

Dog or chum 

Humpback or pink 

Steelhead trout 



Total. 



California. 



Pounds. Value 



21,000 
11,962,248 

145,500 
4,200 



S.'.IV.I 



12,141,937 



580,094 
4,575 



553 



585, 995 



Total. 



Pounds. 



194,160,799 
45,891,082 
3D.184.890 
35,680,022 
55,461,514 
3,958,175 



365,336,482 



Value. 



13,900,137 
2,073,440 
727, 169 
183,785 
141,252 
198, 241 



7,224,024 



Note.— In addition to the above, British Columbia produced S9,852,089 pounds, which returned the 
fishermen SI, 832, 573, and the Yukon Territory (Yukon River), 80,565 pounds, which returned the white 
fishermen $10,209. 

PRODUCTS CANNED. 



In order to show the total pack of the Pacific coast of the North 
American Continent, the pack of British Columbia has been included. 
The total pack reduced to a common basis of forty-eight 1 -pound cans 
amounted to 5,392,306^ cases, valued at $25,518,669. Alaska leads 
m the total pack, with Washington second. Alaska also leads in the 
pack of sockeyes, humpbacks, and chums. Washington leads in the 
pack of cohoes and Oregon in the pack of cliinooks and steelhead 
trout. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



71 



Salmon Canned in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and 

California in 1909. 





Alaska. 


British Columbia. 


Washington. 


Products. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Chinook, king, or spring: 






300 
1,214 


$1,440 
7,314 


23,550 

40,730 

606 


$98, 780 








268,849 








4,242 








176 
17,613 


516 
94,110 






48,034 


$207,624 


21,426 


110,593 












441 


2,886 


1,110 


10.212 
























Total 


48,034 


207,624 


19,807 


100,266 


87,422 


498,676 


Coho, silver, or silverside: 






2,132 

5,911 
61,520 


5,969 
28,373 

258, 400 


34,292 
28,885 

137,008 
427 


94,417 


1-pound flat 


1,206 

55.350 


5,543 
225.486 


134,755 

570.030 




2,562 














Total 


56,556 


231,029 


69, 563 


292, 742 


200, 612 


801,764 






Chum, or don: 










1,300 

219 

83,664 


1,950 












591 




120,712 


274,110 


16,573 


39,775 


197,932 






Total 


120.712 


274, 110 


16.573 


39.775 


85,183 


200,473 






Humpback, or pink: 






2.267 
27,722 


6,234 
66,581 


2,030 
368,963 


5.585 




464,873 


1.114,839 


896, 757 






Total 


464,873 


1,114,839 


29, 989 


72,815 


370,993 


902,342 






Sockeye, blueback, or red: 


16,385 
85,193 


63,888 
236,609 


183,760 

314, 706 

12,880 

277,893 

17,650 

406 

8,312 


1,935,040 

1,888,236 

42,504 

1,500,623 

75.013 
2,639 

49,872 


229,502 

151.. 712 


927,967 




2,746,667 








1,611,916 


7,310,053 


487 474 


2,558,993 




































Total 


1,713,494 


7.610.550 


1,115,607 


5,493,927 


1,173,693 


6,233,627 






Steelhead trout: 










945 
3,794 

3,897 


2,937 












19,422 


1-pound tall 










22,602 














Total 










8,630 1 44,961 














Grand total 


2,403,669 


9,438,152 


1,251,539 


6,005,525 


1,926,539 


8,681,843 







72 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Salmon Canned in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and 
California in 1909 — Continued. 



Products. 


Oregon. 


California. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. Cases. 


Value. 


Chinook, king, or spring: 


69,557 
54,591 


$289,534 
396, 809 






93, 467 

102,198 

606 

176 

110,130 

534 

2,402 

458 


$389, 754 




5,663 


$28,315 


701,287 




4,242 












516 




23,057 
534 
848 
458 


148,815 
2,670 
8,242 
1,833 






567,142 








2,670 








21,340 








1,833 












Total 


149,045 


847,903 


5.663 


28,315 309,971 


1,688,784 






Coho, silver, or silverside: 


20,331 

11,755 

39.326 

315 


56,928 

51.702 

157,886 

945 






56,755 

47,757 

293,204 

742 


157,314 








220,373 








1,211,802 








3,507 










Total .. 


71,727 


267,461 






398, 458 


1,592,996 










Chum, or dog: 










1,300 

219 

230, 174 


1,950 












591 




9,225 


21,218 






533,035 










Total 


9,225 


21.218 






231,093 


535,576 










Humpback, or pink: 










4,297 
861,613 


11,819 




55 


132 






2,078,309 










Total 


55 


132 






865,910 


2,090,128 












Sockeye, blueback, or red: 


32,071 
6,645 


133,095 
39,870 






761,718 

863,256 

12,880 

2,377,338 

17,650 

406 

8,312 


3,059,990 








4,911,382 








42,504 




50 


320 






11,369,989 








75,013 












2,639 












49,872 














Total 


3S.766 


173,285 






4,041,560 


19,511,389 










Steelhead trout: 


7,064 
1,365 
4,320 


22,084 

7,695 

25,056 






8,009 
5,159 

8,217 


25,021 








27,117 








47,658 










Total 


12,749 


54,835 






21,385 


99,796 












281,567 


1,364,834 


5,663 


28.315 


o5,868,977 


25,518,669 







a All 1-pound cases contain forty-eight 1-pound cans; the ^-pound cases contain forty-eight .Vpound cans. 
Reduced to a common basis of cases containing forty-eight 1-pound cans, the aggregate pack amounts to 
5,392,306^ cases. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



7a 



MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS. 

The total miscellaneous secondary products prepared amounted to 
29,808,129 pounds, valued at $2,096,030. Of these the largest quan- 
tity and value is represented in the mild-cured pack. The pickled 
pack is second in quantity but is exceeded in value by the frozen pack. 
Alaska leads Washington very slightly in the quantity of products 
prepared, but both are exceeded in value of products by Oregon. 

Miscellaneous Secondary Products Prepared in Alaska and the Pacific 

Coast States in 1909. 



Products. 


Alaska. 


Washington. 


Oregon. 


Pounds. Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Frozen: 






74,183 

528, 177 

1,304.072 

62,945 

504,105 


$7,418 
30,149 

07, 101 

1 , 888 

46,615 


14,000 

210, 175 


$1,400 
13,868 


Coho, silver, or silverside 


35,721 
77,882 


.$1,072 
1 , 55S 










9,450 


473 


1,446,685 


144.058 




Total 


123.053 


3.103 


2,534,442 


153,231 


1,070,800 


159,926 




Mild-cured: 


1,833,600 


140.300 


2,292,800 


273,826 


4,365,442 


434,825 




Pickled: 


88,200 

7,000 
63,600 

227,750 

7,000 

311.400 

11,200 

109, -ISO 

5. 31 II. 501) 

783,600 


3,798 

1 75 


1,000 

(..75(1 


540 
671 












2,000 
















100 

9,405 

224 

7,396 

167,298 

13,902 


50.1100 
1,015, 00(1 


175 
48,450 






Humpback, or pink 






Humpback backs 








172, too 


8,620 






Rockeye, blueback, or red 


























Total 


6,970,730 




1,845,150 


58,456 


3,000 


154 






Dry-salted and dried: 

Chinook, king, or spring 


sun 
14,50(1 
71,600 
51 , 500 
83,000 


45 
549 

1,038 
545 

2,302 










Coho, silver, or silverside, backs. . 






























Sockeye, blueback, or red, backs. 


















Total 


221,400 


4,479 
















Smoked: 






30. 105 

100.500 
30,000 


2,413 

10,050 


127,700 


19 155 


Chinook, white-meated, kip- 














1,,X0II 


20.000 


2,000 




4,(100 
585 


400 
43 






517.245 

5.000 

100,000 


25,862 

500 

5,000 






















Sockeye, blueback, or red, backs. 


40,300 


2,780 












Total 


44,885 


3, 223 


872,010 


51,025 147,700 


21,155 






Fertilizer 


159,224 
120.113 


2,287 
3,210 


1,210,000 
380.648 


18,610 
14,101 






Oil 
















9,473,005 


374,324 


9,135,950 


500 00'J 6.193.002 


616, 060 











74 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Miscellaneous Secondary Products Prepared in Alaska and the Pacific 
Coast States in 1909 — Continued. 



Products. 


California. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Frozen: 






88,183 

780,373 

1,442,554 

62, 945 
1,960,300 


$8 818 








45, 089 






68 719 








1 888 








191,746 










Total 






4.334,355 


316,260 








Mild-cured: 


4,887,962 


$520,468 


13,379,804 


1,378.419 






Pickled: 






89,600 
13, 750 
66, 200 

227,750 

57,000 

1,926,400 

11,200 

341,880 
5,301,500 

783,600 


4,362 
846 














2,615 








3,843 
365 














57, 855 








224 








16,016 








167,298 








13,902 








Total 


1 


8,818,8S0 


267, 326 








Dry-salted and dried: 






800 
14,. 500 
71,600 
51,500 
83,000 


45 








549 








1,038 








545 




1 


2,302 








Total 




221,400 


4,479 








Smoked: 


110,550 


14,643 


268,415 

190, 500 

57,660 

4,000 

517,830 

5,000 

100,000 

40,300 


36,211 




16,050 




7,660 


626 


4,426 




400 








25,905 








500 








5,000 








2,780 










Total 


118,210 


15, 269 


1,183,705 


91,272 












1,369,224 
"500,761 


20, S97 


Oil 






17,:!77 












5,006,172 


535, 737 


29,808,129 


2,096,030 







a Represents 66,728 gallons. 



WASHINGTON. 



Owing to the quadrennially heavy run of sockeye salmon and the 
biennial run of humpback salmon into Puget Sound occurring in 
1909, the catch of both species of salmon was very heavy. The purse 
seiners made exceptionally heavy catches of sockeye salmon, while 
the traps had so many humpbacks in them that the greater part were 
turned out, it being impossible to find a market for them. In many 
places people were allowed to take away with them, free of charge, 
as many humpbacks as they wished. 

In Grays Harbor the run of salmon was fairly good. On the 
Quiniault River the Indians made very successful catches. Early in 
the season a meeting of the tribe was held, and it was decided that a 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



75 



50-foot runway in the center of the stream should be kept clear of 
nets so as to allow the fish an opportunity to reach the spawning beds 
in the lake. 

In Willapa Harbor the run was fair. 

On the Columbia River the catch was not as large as in 1908, which 
was due partly to the shortening of the open fishing season. 

STATISTICS BY COUNTIES. 

Persons employed. — The total number of persons employed was 
9,517, of which the large majority were whites. 

Persons Employed in the Salmon Fisheries op Washington, by Counties and 

Nationalities, in 1909. 



Counties. 




"ishermen 






Shoresmen 






Whites. 


Indians. 


Total. 


Whites. 


Chinese. 


Japanese. 


Indians. 


Total. 




643 

193 

303 

273 

284 

527 

276 

50 

67 

241 

56 

68 

112 

616 

533 

61 

13 

82 

28 




643 
205 
303 
273 
284 
527 
276 
50 
67 
241 
232 
68 
145 
616 
533 
61 
13 
82 
28 


1,056 
42 
569 
2 
6 
55 
12 


631 

40 
290 


488 
40 
414 


55 


2,230 




12 


1 22 


Skagit 


40 


1 313 




9 












6 












55 












12 




























Kitsap 














176 


63 

163 

16 

IS 

Ml 

6 


20 
70 
45 
40 

i.;i 


12 
50 
15 

21) 
63 




9.3 




20 


303 




33 


76 






78 








277 








6 


















2 
1 








■) 












1 














Total 


4,426 


221 


4.1,47 


2,091 


1.270 


1,102 


115 


4,578 







Counties. 


Trans- 
porters. 


Total employed. 


Grand 
total. 




Whites. 


Whites. 


Chinese. 


Japanese. 


Indians. 


Whatcom 

San Juan 

Skagit 


129 
9 


1 , 828 

244 

947 

275 

290 

601 

290 

.50 

67 

241 

125 

243 

131 

645 

638 

68 

13 

84 

29 


031 
40 
290 


488 

40 

414 


55 
12 
40 


3,002 
336 

1,691 
275 












290 




19 
2 








601 










290 










50 












67 












241 




6 
12 

3 
11 
25 

1 


20 
70 
45 
40 
134 


12 
50 
15 
20 
63 


176 
20 
33 


333 




383 




224 




705 






835 


Cowlitz 




68 


Clarke 








13 












84 












29 














Total 


292 


6,809 


1,270 


1,102 


336 


9,517 







76 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Investment, apparatus, etc. — The total investment in the fisheries 
amounted to $6,334,807. Whatcom County has the largest invest- 
ment, nearly one-third of the total. 

Investment in the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Counties, in 1909. 





Whatcom. 


San Juan. 


Skagit. 


Islam 1. 


Snohomish. 


Items. 


Nitm - 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


36 

517 


$192,500 


3 

48 

8 

73 
47 
5 


$15,500 

4,600 

21,250 

3. 190 
15,833 
23,600 

2.. V,( i 


18 
293 

43 

207 
31 


$108,900 




















Outfit 


60,500 
59,850 

8,210 
101,350 
61,000 

3,900 

1. LOO 

12, 250 

6,200 

372,540 

1,(1110 


32,400 
37,250 

7.410 
9,150 










Fishing boats, power 

Fishing boats, sail and 


40 

L»47 
188 
13 

9 
9 
71 
96 

72 


22 

85 
63 
2 

1 

27 
1 
1 

29 


$13,900 

3,210 
18,200 

9,000 

500 

2,010 

300 

10 

176.500 


26 

203 

17 


$16. 400 
6,380 


Scows and house boats. . 


3,800 


Apparatus, shore fish- 
eries: 


4 

17 

338 

336 
12 


1,500 
1 . 285 

26, 270 
5. 700 

46,500 


4 

20 

130 

537 

S 


1,000 




3,005 


Gill nets, drift 

Trap nets,stationary 


3 

18 
23 

7 


225 

310 

116,178 

3,500 


1,036 

6,317 

35,000 














15 


Shore and accessory 




600,003 
679,000 




37,350 
45,000 




382,044 

309,(100 




5.250 




6,245 




















Total 




2, 159, 403 




289, 086 




967, 409 




228.880 




79, 198 











King. 


Pierce. 


Thurston. 


Mason. 


Kitsap. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


7 
56 


$23,300 


1 
5 

1 

23 

88 


$2, 500 














Tonnage 

Outfit... 














11,400 


800 

200 

(,0.200 

3.300 






























Fishing boats, power. . . . 
Fishing boats, sail and 


60 

234 


107, M|)0 

7,350 


1 

27 


$2, 500 
880 


4 
29 


$3,800 
1,310 


26 

85 
6 
1 

12 
36 

7 

f 


$36, 900 
3,055 




850 




















2,000 


Apparatus, shore fish- 
eries: 


37 
52 

193 

82 


18,500 
4,650 
8,760 

820 


22 
25 
73 
143 


8,500 

1.950 
1.900 

3, 


o 

8 
4 
16 


1,000 
600 
100 
400 


1 
13 

1 
22 


500 

1,025 

300 

600 


5,700 




2,930 


Gill nets, drift 

Gill nets, set 

Trap nets, stationary 
Shore and accessory 


1,950 

88 

13.500 




L66,800 

60,000 




15,375 
5,000 




200 




300 


' 850 




















Total 




409. 480 




103,325 




5,680 




7,835 


67.823 











SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



77 



Investment in the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Counties, in 

1909— Continued. 





Clallam. 


Jefferson. 


Chehalis. 


Pacific. 


Wahkiakum. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 

Power vessels 

Tonnage 

Outfit 


3 

27 


$12,000 

•1,11110 

1,500 
1,600 

9,580 
1,000 


4 
50 


$29,000 

0, 100 


1 

8 


$3,000 


6 

•IS 

2 

ss 

317 

9 

37 

2 

207 

46 

2S0 


$16,700 

4,315 

1,800 

46,800 

22,820 
3,300 
23,300 

500 

350 

36,000 

1.340 

506,400 


13 

101 

1 

72 

191 

16 


$36, 100 


500 


10,660 




1 
2 

212 


450 


Fishing boats, power 

Fishing boats, sail and 


5 

29 

16 

1 


2,200 

940 
5,050 

5.000 


5 

115 

1 
3 


2,500 

8,350 

400 
450 


43,500 
38, 735 


Scows and house boats. . 


8,990 


Apparatus, shore fish- 
eries: 












8 
70 
8 


900 

700 
100 


11 

25 
I 


800 

340 

430 

8,000 

2,000 






11 

417 
33 

52 


5.500 


Gill nets, drift 

Gill nets, set 

Trap nets, stationary 


100 
1S9 
15 


8,000 
9,724 

:;. loo 


70.700 

615 

36,800 












246 

20,325 

2(1.1)110 










Shore and accessory 






60,345 

50,000 ' 


36,753 

20,000 


59, 625 
38,000 




310,455 




190.500 


Total 








71,951 




170,205 


93.077 


761,250 


1 753,005 








Cowlitz. 


Clarke. 


Skamania. 


Klickitat. 


Total. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


N " m " V-ilne 

ber. x alue - 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


1 
5 


$1,000 












93 
1,158 


$440, 500 


Tonnage 

Outfit 














350 












135.025 
















5 

404 

2, 244 
398 
62 

a 101 

6 246 

• 1,020 

d 1,1 124 

«48 

525 

1 

9 

13 

3 


3,950 


Fishing boats, power 

Fishing boats, sail and 


28 

29 


11,700 
1,200 


1 
12 


$400 
360 


10 

46 
2 


$4,000 

1,945 
750 




472,650 


15 


$720 


128,945 




168,673 














124,350 


Apparatus, shore fish- 
eries: 


















44. 1.50 




1 


150 






4 


1,500 


2 


1,200 


28,955 


Gill nets, drift 






168,831 


Gill nets, set 18 


350 
5,300 
8,400 


12 



ISO 
1.210 


32 
13 

3 


455 

3,650 

750 


2 


20 


37,259 

10, 1(50 




4 


1,000 


1,324,968 










2.000 




















4,500 












10 


-11.000 
7,000 


3 
1 


32,000 

1,500 


76,000 












8, 500 












261 


Shore and accessory 


21,800 
8,000 




10 




5,075 




1,225 




1,730,030 






1.424,500 




















Total 




5S, 250 




2.11,0 


69. 125 




37,665 




6,334,807 











o Aggregate length of 68,900 yards. 
b Aggregate length of 44,S24 yards. 
c Aggregate length of 429, 115 yards. 



<i Aggregate length of 92,030 yards. 
c Aggregate length of 19,200 yards. 



78 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Products. — The total catch amounted to 155,069,194 pounds, valued 
at $4,335,702. Whatcom County leads in the catch. Sockeye sal- 
mon constitute about one-half of the total catch. 

Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Apparatus, Species, 

and Counties, in 1909. 





Whatcom. 


San Juan. 


Skagit. 


Island. 


Apparatus and species. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


PUKSE SEINES. 

Chinook, or king 


37,568 
340,000 
490,000 


SI, 514 
8,880 

2,480 


24,094 
2.S0, 008 
280,000 
175,000 
973,000 


$840 

7,000 

1,400 

350 

35,000 


12,000 
200,000 
100,000 

30,000 


$540 

5,000 

800 

300 


2,000 
42,000 
112,000 


$100 
1,050 




560 






Sockeye. or blueback. . . 


1,140,000 


43,600 


650,000 20,000 
2,000 : 100 


140,000 
8C0 


5,666 
40 














Total 


2,025,568 


56, 474 


1,732,102 


44,590 


1,054,000 ' 32,740 


290,800 


7,416 






HAUL SEINES. 










154,400 

110,000 

590,000 

20,000 


7,060 

2,750 

2,950 

50 








21,000 

39,000 

14,000 

7,000 


630 

195 

35 

350 






560,000 
1,280,000 


16,800 








7,710 


Humpback, or pink 

Steelhead trout 










2,428 i 121 












Total 


81,000 


1,210 




876,828 


12,931 


1,840,000 


24,510 










GILL NETS. 

Chinook, or king 


22, 332 

1,122,000 

70,000 


967 

29, 200 

350 


47,300 

79,200 

4,800 


1,880 

1,980 

24 


617,362 

662, 376 
673,838 
17,800 
384,750 
124,200 


25,753 

20,873 

3,573 

221 

12,510 
8. 004 






1,500 
3,000 


45 




30 






Sockeye, or blueback... 


1,328,450 


51,1.58 


44,500 


1 , 7S0 


30,000 


1,200 














Total 


2, 542, 7S2 


81,075 


175,800 


5,664 


2,480,326 


70,934 


34,500 


1,275 


REEF NETS. 

Chinook, or king 


5,000 
27,000 

6,000 
75,000 


250 

810 

50 

3,000 


40,000 
109,000 

90,000 
290,000 


2,000 

3,270 

450 

11,600 




























Sockeye, or blueback... 




















113,000 


4,110 


529,000 


17,320 




















TRAP NETS. 

Chinook, or king 


1,378,391 
3,387,624 

570, 412 
S, 4 40,; Sol I 
11,032,910 


66,229 

73,940 
2,852 

21,102 
1,558,804 


574,072 

718, 124 

229,408 

4,205,320 

7,665,005 

272 


25,697 
17,967 

1,148 

11,585 

187,312 

13 


354,929 

482,116 

1,227,536 

1,613,188 

2,881,185 

4,000 


18,270 
12,271 
6, 457 
4,179 
108,398 
260 


1,272,680 
1,015,314 
857,760 
2,381,428 
4,574,145 
45,310 


111,735 
42,876 




4,789 


Humpback, or pink — 
Sockeye, or blueback.. . 


5,954 

168, 468 

2,266 












54,810,187 


1,722,927 


13,392,201 


243,722 


0,562,954 


149,835 


10,746,637 


336,088 








TOTAL. 

Chinook, or king 


1,443,291 
4,903,624 
1,181,412 
8,454,850 
43,582,360 
7,000 


68,960 

113,460 

5,927 

21,137 

1,656,502 

350 


085,466 
1, 1S6, 332 

004,208 

4,380,320 

8,972,505 

272 


30,417 

30,217 

3,022 

11,935 

235,692 

13 


1,138,691 
1,454,492 
2,651,374 
1,0X0, oss 
3,915,935 
132, 628 


51,623 
40,894 
13, 780 

4,750 
146,908 

8,485 


1,274,680 

.2,21S,S14 
2,252,760 
2,381,428 
4,744,145 
46,110 


111,835 
60,771 




13, 089 


Humpback, or pink 

Blueback, or sockeye. . 
Steelhead trout ... ". 


5,954 

175,334 

2,306 


Grand total 


59,572,537 


1,. 866, 300 


15,829,103 


311,290 


10,974,108 


266, 440 


12,917,937 


369,289 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



79 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Apparatus, Species, 
and Counties, in 1909 — Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Snohomish. 


King. 


Pierce. 


Thurston. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


PURSE SEINES. 

Chinook, or king 


S, 11(111 

159,998 
350,000 
800,000 


«400 
4,400 

1,700 

28,800 






82,285 S4.400 


1,250 

54,39(1 

.570,000 

125,000 

400 


•550 


700,000 

1,(140,000 

7,050,000 

14,100 


321,175 

14,500 

282,000 

987 


513,340 

2,482,000 

4,394,995 

10,400 


13,833 
12,410 
158,220 

520 


1,510 




3,000 


Sockeye, or blueback 


5,000 

20 








Total 


1,317,998 3.5,300 


9,470,100 


U8,662 


7,483,020 


189,383 


751,046 


10,180 






HAUL SEINES. 






65,500 

304,000 
808,000 


4,585 
11,000 

10, 100 


18,743 

402,000 

1,293,000 


1,312 

13..000 
8,750 








155,250 

;: "1,1)1111 
202,000 


3,125 

1,99.5 
.50ij 


00,000 
340,000 


'.',000 




6,800 


Humpback, or pink 













Total 


75(1,250 




1,237,500 


25,685 


1,773,743 


23,002 


400,000 


8,800 






GILL NETS. 


337,900 
438,250 

101,380 


12,104 
16,480 

731 


49,500 
555,000 

70,40(1 

42,000 

335,500 

205,000 


3,900 
18, .500 
44(1 
525 
13,420 
12,300 


30,000 

210,000 

32,000 


2,400 

10.2 .50 
200 








oo.ooo 

-IS. 000 


3,000 




240 






















112,243 


9,293 


100,000 


10,000 


30,000 


1,500 






Total 


1,019,779 


38,668 


1,257,400 


49, 14.5 


408,000 


22,8.50 


108,000 


4,740 






TRAP NETS. 


385,150 
908,764 
813,200 
354,000 
27,000 


16,716 
23, 167 
4,066 

1 . 383 










































Humpback, or pink 




































Total 




46,682 




















LINES. 


281,250 






























T( iTAL. 

Chinook, or king 


731,0.50 
1,943,518 
1,063,580 
556,000 
80(1,000 
169,243 


29,280 
54,672 
8,492 
1,886 
28,800 
10,0-13 


115,000 

1,685,000 

2,518,400 

42,000 

7,385,500 
219, 100 


8,545 
.50.',75 
25,040 
525 
295, 120 
13,287 


131,028 
1,221,340 
3,807,000 


8,112 

37,083 
21,300 


1 , 2.50 
204,396 
958,000 


50 
6,510 


Dog, or chum 

Humpback, or pink 

Blueback, or sockeye 


10.010 


4,394,995 

110.400 


158,220 
10,520 


125,000 
30.400 


5,000 
1,520 






Grand total 




j 133, 773 


11,965,000 


393,492 


9,004,703 


235. 295 


1,319,046 


23,720 



101379°— 11- 



80 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Apparatus, Species, 
and Counties, in 1909 — Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Mason. 


Kitsap. 


Clallam. 


Jefferson. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds 


Value. 


rounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


PURSE SEINES. 






40,000 
613,990 

2,540,000 

2,045,000 

4,900 


§2,000 
15,350 

i:5,7oo 

SI, Slid 

245 












ins, ooo 

400,000 

100,000 

600 


$2, 700 

2,000 

4,000 

42 




















Sockeye, or blueback 




















Total . 


608,600 


8,742 


5,243,890 


113,095 


1 










HAUL SEINES. 






12,000 

378,000 

1,129,000 


600 
9,990 
8,970 


31,000 
110,000 
39,000 


§1,550 

3,300 

330 


21,000 

122,000 

227,600 

8,000 

5,200 


$1,050 




437,998 
756,000 


11,480 
4,370 


3,760 




2,488 




400 




3,000 


210 


17,080 


854 


14,200 


710 


260 






Total 


1,196,998 


16,060 


1,. ->:<,(., in i 


20,414 


194, 200 


5,S'.I0 


:;.v,,\oo 


7,958 






GILL NETS. 










75,000 
60,515 
30,000 


3,750 

1,578 
150 


17,000 

7-1,000 
48,000 
24,500 
7,000 


970 




40,000 

81,000 

25,000 

4,000 


1,200 
640 

1,000 
240 


IS, ooo 

33,000 

154,000 

2,300 


490 
395 

6,140 
115 


2 220 




240 


Sockeye, or blueback 


980 


33,055 


1,653 


350 






Total 


150.000 


3,0S0 


207,300 


7,140 


198, 570 


7,131 


170,500 


4,760 






TRAP NETS. 






100,225 

504,074 

1,333,704 


5,305 
13,020 
6,669 






4,2S2 

205,662 

1,036,472 

1,735 


199 












6,642 










5,182 










87 


















Total 






1,944,003 


24,994 






1,308,151 


12,110 














LINES. 










110.880 

571,284 

4,000 


4,800 

17,649 

20 
















































Total 








686,164 


22,469 
















TOTAL. 






158,225 
1,514.064 

5,035,704 

2,199,000 

24,280 


7,905 
38,850 

29,734 

87,940 

1,214 


216,880 

741,799 

73,000 


10,100 

22,527 
500 


42,282 
461,602 

1,312,072 
32,500 
13,935 


2,219 


Coho, or silver 

Dos, or chum 


585,998 

1,237,000 

125,000 

7,600 


15,380 

7,010 

5,000 

492 


12,622 
7,910 
1,380 


Steelhead trout 


47,255 


2,363 


697 




1,955,598 


27,882 


8,931,273 


165,043 


1,078,934 


35,490 


1,862,451 


24,828 







SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



81 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Apparatus, Species, 
and Counties, in 1909 — Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Chehalis. 


Pacific. 


Wahkiakum. 


Cowlitz. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


I'URSE SEINES. 






8,919 
2,184 
L,090 
4,742 


$535 










Coho, or silver 






44 

49 

190 






Sockeve, or blueback 




































Total 






16,935 


818 






.1 














HAUL SEINES. 






11,500 


345 


312,616 
42,417 
19,722 

112,221 


818,957 

SIS 

888 
5,411 


50,000 


$3,000 


















12,000 
28,000 


600 


























Total 






11,500 


345 


486,970 


26,104 


90,000 


5 000 








GILI. NETS. 

Chinook, or kins 


571,586 si;,. 840 


813,978 

187,000 

57,800 

4,500 

45,142 


47,253 

5,500 

432 

203 
2,328 


1,100,511 

316., 274 
400,224 


66,031 
6,325 
2,354 






Coho, or silver 


641,858 
306,256 

638 

118,000 


16,571 
1,889 

23,200 
4,066 






Dos, or chum 






Sockeve, or blueback 








139,877 


6,994 


13,000 


6.20 






Total 


2, 27.'., 7(10 


61,566 


1.108.420 


55,716 


1,956,886 


81,704 


13,000 


620 








DIVER NETS. 














172,667 
76,533 


10,S20 
3,827 




























Total 












249,200 


14,647 














TRAP NETS. 


49,000 

165,000 
36,000 


1,113 

3,875 

225 


1,208,963 
620,461 

725,652 
113,195 
431,615 


67,996 
9,649 
8,990 
5,093 

21,779 


31,669 
458,571 
634,384 


492 
9,172 
3,490 


69,690 
203,000 
65,600 


303 




4,290 
410 














32,416 


1,621 


6,800 


290 










Total 


250,000 


5.213 


3,099 886 


113,513 


1,157,040 


14,775 


345,090 


5, 293 








TOTAL. 


620,586 
806,858 

342, 256 
638,000 
118,000 


16,953 
20, 446 

2,114 
23,200 

4,060 


2,043,360 
809,645 
783,452 
118,785 

481 . 499 


116,129 

15,193 

9,428 

5,345 

24,297 


1,444,796 
817,262 

1,034.608 

19,722 

284,514 


85,480 

16,345 

5,844 

888 

14,026 


292,357 

203.000 

65,600 

12,000 

124,333 


14,123 

4,290 






410 


Blueback, or sockeve 


600 
6,137 






2,525,700 


06,779 


4,236,741 


170,392 


3,600,902 


122,583 


697,290 


25,560 









82 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Apparatus, Species, 
and Counties, in 1909 — Continued. 





Clarke. 


Skamania. 


Klickitat. 


Total. 




Pounds. 


Value. 


founds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


FURSE SEINES. 














216,116 

3,085,916 

9,030,000 

205,000 

17,425,085 

37,942 


810,379 
















SO, 942 
















53,150 
















650 














670,135 
















2,144 


















Total 












30,000,059 


SI 7, 400 
















HAUL SEINES. 






ISO, 000 


$12,600 






856,759 
3.022,665 
6,900,600 

236,000 
63,722 

507,609 


51,059 






200,000 


,$6,000 


84,683 








54,658 














588 








24,000 
IS, 000 


1,200 
900 






3,088 








300,480 


15, 024 


25,240 










Total 






222,000 


14,700 


500,480 


21,024 


11,587,355 


219,316 










GILI. NETS. 


3,000 

8,015 


$210 

244 


15,944 
6,216 


1,115 

186 


SOO 
1,000 


50 
30 


3,702,213 
4,547,210 
1,959,698 

59,800 

2,972,050 

983,267 


182,343 




134,672 




11,688 
















746 








2,850 
9,150 


143 

45S 






111,734 




9,700 


485 


600 


36 


58,442 






Total 


20,715 


939 


34,160 


1,902 


2,400 


116 


14.224,238 


499,625 






DIVER NETS. 


14,000 


9S0 


77,614 
2,000 
3,000 


5,433 
60 

150 






264,281 

2,000 

82,533 


17,233 








60 




3,000 


150 






4,127 










Total 


17,000 


1,130 


82,614 


5,643 






:mvm4 


21,420 










REEF NETS. 














45,000 

136,000 

96,400 

365,000 


2,250 
















4,080 
















500 
















14,600 


















Total 














642,000 


21,430 


















TRAP NETS. 






4,200 
3,000 


294 

90 


14,600 
17,600 


1,022 
528 


5,453,851 

9,349,310 

7,530,128 

16,994,786 

56,269,490 

559,348 


315,371 








217,487 








44,284 
















44,203 








SOO 
3,600 


40 
180 


2,250 
6,600 


128 

366 


2,028,243 








28,212 











Total 




11,600 


604 


41,050 


2,044 


96,156,913 


2,677,800 










WHEELS. 






261,736 
18,751 

173,842 
52,552 


16,039 

666 
7,358 
2,081 


105,640 

314,080 

11,800 

204,000 


5,432 

6,418 

508 

10,240 


367,376 
332,831 
185,642 
256,552 


21,471 








7,084 








7,866 








12,321 










Total 






506, 8S1 


26,144 


635,520 


J2..59S 


1,142,401 


48,742 












LINES. 












110,880 

852,534 

4,000 


4,800 














25,149 














20 
















Total 














967,414 


29,969 




















SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



83 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries op Washington, by Apparatus, Species, 
and Counties, in 1909 — Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Clarke. 


Skamania. 


Klickitat. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


TOTAL. 


17,000 
8,015 


SI, 190 
214 


39, 194 

29, 9137 


835,481 

1,002 


121,040 
532,680 


80,504 
12,970 


11,010,470 
21,328,466 

25,520,420 
17,495,586 

77,280,989 
2, 427, 251 


8604,900 




554,157 




104,300 
















40, 187 








201,492 
80,302 


8,741 
3,769 


14,050 
511,680 


636 
25,666 


2,835,000 




12,700 


035 


130,480 


Grand tolal 


37,715 


2,009 


857,255 


48,993 


1,179,450 


45,782 


155,009,194 


4,335,702 



STATISTICS BY WATERS. 

Persons employed. — Puget Sound leads in the number of persons 
employed in all branches of the industry, followed by Columbia 
River, Grays Harbor, and Willapa Harbor in the order named. 

Persons Employed in the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Waters and 

Nationalities, in 1909. 



( »ccupal ion and race. 


Puget 
Sound. 


Grays 
Harbor. 


Willapa 
Harbor. 


Columbia 
River. 


Total. 


Fishermen: 

Whites.. 


2, 981 

188 


112 
33 


130 


1,203 


4,426 




221 










Total. . 


3,169 


145 


130 


1 , 203 


4,647 






Shoresmen: 

Whites 


1 , 'JOS 

115 

1,051 

1,004 


16 


10 


97 


2,091 




115 




45 
15 


10 
10 


104 
73 


1 , 270 




1 , 102 






Total 


4,138 


70 


30 


334 


4,578 






Transporters: 

Whites 


252 


3 


4 


33 


292 






Total: 

Whites 


5,201 

303 

1,051 

1,004 


131 
33 
45 
15 


144 


1,333 


6,809 




336 




10 

10 


164 
73 


1 , 270 




1,102 








7,559 


224 


164 


1,570 


9,517 







84 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Investment, ajiparatus, etc. — Puget Sound leads in the total invest- 
ment. The principal forms of apparatus used in the waters of 
Washington are gill nets, haul and purse seines, traps, and wheels. 

Investment in the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Waters, in 1909. 





Puget Sound. 


Grays 


Harbor. 


Willapa Har- 
bor. 


Columbia River. 


Total. 


Items. 


Num. 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 

Power vessels 

Tonnage 

Outfit .. 


72 
996 


$383,700 


1 
8 


$3,000 
500 


2 

19 


$8,500 
2,190 


18 
135 

3 

175 

562 
19 
35 

b2 
«18 

»544 
ml31 

"48 

325 


$45,300 


93 

1,158 

5 
464 

2,244 

398 

62 

101 

246 

1 , 620 

1,624 

4S 

525 
1 
9 
13 
3 


$440,500 


119,860 

1,700 

363, 750 

54,815 
155, 233 
100,600 

43,650 
20, 255 
54, 131 
24,575 


13,075 

2,250 

98,600 

59,440 
10,240 
21,500 

500 

8,350 

101,100 

2, 000 

10,160 

536, 950 


135,625 


Power boats 

Fishing boats, power. . 
Fishing boats, sail and 


2 

260 

1,519 
370 

22 

a99 

c226 

/896 

i 1,292 


3,950 


5 

115 
1 
3 


2,500 

8,350 
400 
450 


24 

48 
8 
2 


7,800 

6,340 
2,800 
1,800 


472,650 
128,945 


Scows and house boats . 


168,673 
124,350 


Apparatus, shore fish- 
eries: 


44,150 








d-2 
k 80 
J 12 


350 
5,600 

360 


28,955 


Gill nets, drift 
Gill nets, set 


S100 
*189 


8,000 
9,724 


168,831 
37,259 
10, 160 


Trap nets, station- 


150 
1 
9 


768, 218 
2,000 
4,500 


15 


3,400 


35 


16, 400 


1,324,968 


Trap nets, floating. 


2,000 














4,500 


Wheels, stationary 










13 
3 


76,000 
8,500 


76,000 














8,500 






261 
1.295,087 










261 


Shore and accessory 






36, 753 

2(1.000 




50,000 

IS. 000 




348, 190 
218,500 




1,730,030 






1,168,000 


1,424,500 








Total 




4,560,335 




93,077 




120,1 HI 




1,561,255 




6,334,807 









a Aggregate length of 68,100 yards. A Aggregate length of 28,000 yards. 

b Aggregate length of 800 yards. i Aggregate length of 268,200 yards. 

c Aggregate length of 35,841 yards. ;' Aggregate length of 57,980 yards. 

d Aggregate length of 300 yards. * Aggregate length of 27,960 yards. 

« Aggregate length of 8,683 yards. I Aggregate length of 720 yards. 

/ Aggregate length of 112,915 yards. >« Aggregate length of 5,370 yards, 

g Aggregate length of 20,000 yards. » Aggregate length of 19,200 yards. 

Products. — The total catch amounted to 155,069,194 pounds, 
valued at $4,335,702, of which Puget Sound produced 141,934,141 
pounds, valued at $3,853,544. Trap nets were the most effective. 
No humpbacks were taken commercially elsewhere than in Puget 
Sound, while no sockeyes or bluebacks were taken commercially in 
Willapa Harbor. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



85 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Apparatus, Species, 

and Waters, in 1909. 



Apparatus and species. 


Fuget Sound. 


(irays Harbor. 


Willapa Harbor. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


PURSE SEINES. 


207, 197 
3,083,732 
9,030,000 

2(15.01)0 

17,423,995 

33, 200 


$9,844 

SO.. SON 

53,1511 

650 

670,086 

1 , 954 








































































29,983,124 


816,582 




















HAUL SEINES. 


302, 643 

2,780,248 

6,900. C.II0 

236,000 

8,000 

48,908 


16,157 

77,835 

54,658 

588 

400 

2,505 






11,500 


$345 




























































Total 


10, 276, 399 


152, 143 






11,500 


345 










GILL NETS. 


1,196,394 
3,386,847 
1,195,418 
59, 800 
2,326,700 
647, 798 


51,844 

105,816 

7,013 

710 
88, 188 
43.455 


571,586 
641,858 
306, 256 


$15,840 

16,571 
1 , 889 


40,000 
22.000 
9,800 


1,200 




2, 200 




162 








638,000 

IIS, 000 


23,200 
4,066 








16,000 


800 






Total 


8,812,957 


297,062 


2, 275, 700 


61,566 


87,800 


4,362 






REEF NETS. 


45,000 
136,000 

96,000 
365, 000 


2, 250 
4,080 

500 
1 1.1,00 


















































Total 


642,000 


21,430 




















TRAP NETS. 


4,075.729 
7,881,678 
6,068,492 
16,994,786 
56,153,245 
78,317 


244,151 

189,883 

31.103 

44,203 

2,022,982 

3.976 


49.000 
165,000 
36,000 


l.ll 3 
3,875 

225 


187, 799 
262,271 
643,332 


6, S90 




2,485 




8,482 






















170 


7 














2,536,358 


250,000 


5.213 


1,093,572 


17,864 


LINES. 


110,880 
852,534 

4.000 


4,800 

25,149 
20 








































Total 


967,414 


29.969 




















TOTAL. 


5,937,843 

18,121,039 
23,294,510 
17,495,586 

76, 276, 940 
808, 223 


329,046 
483,661 
146, 504 
46, 187 
2, 796, 256 
51,890 


620,586 
806,858 
342, 256 


16, 953 

20, 446 
2,114 


239, 299 
284, 271 
653, 132 


8,435 




4,685 




8,644 








638,000 

118,000 


23,200 

4,066 






Steelhead trout 


16.170 


807 










141,934,141 


3,S53,544 


2, 525, 700 


66, 779 


1,192,872 


22,571 





86 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Washington, by Apparatus, Species, 
and Waters, in 1909 — Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Columbia River. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


PURSE SEINES. 


8,919 
2,184 


$535 
44 


216,116 

3,085,916 

9,030,000 

205,000 

17,425,085 

37, 942 


$10,379 
80, 942 




53, 150 








650 




1,090 
4,742 


49 

190 1 


670, 135 




2,144 






Total 


16,935 


818 


30,000,059 


817,400 






HAUL SEINES. 


542,616 

212,417 


34, 557 

6,848 


856, 759 
3,022,665 
6,90H. I'm) 

236,000 
63,722 

507,609 


51,059 




84, 683 




54, 658 






588 




55,722 | 
458,701 


2,688 
22,735 


3,088 




25, 240 








1,299,456 


66, 828 


11,587,355 


219,316 






GILL NETS. 


1,894,233 

496, 505 
448, 224 


113,459 
10,085 

2, H24 


3,702,213 
4,547,210 
1,959,698 
59, 800 
2,972,050 
9S3, 267 


182,343 




134,672 




11,688 




746 




7, 350 
201,469 


346 

10,121 


111,734 




58,442 






Total 


3.047,781 


136,635 


14, 224, 238 


499,625 






I>IVER NETS. 


264,281 

2,000 

82,533 


17,233 

60 

4,127 


264, 281 

2,000 

82,533 


17,233 




60 




4,127 








348,814 


21,420 


34S,814 


21,420 






REEF NETS. 






45,000 
136, 000 

96,000 
365,000 


2,250 








4,080 








500 








14,600 
















642,000 


21,430 










TRAP NETS. 


1.141,323 

1,040,361 

782,304 


63,217 

21,244 

4,414 


5,453,851 
9,349,310 
7,530,128 
16, 994, 786 
56,269,490 
559,348 


315,371 




217, 487 




44,284 




44, 203 




116,245 
480,861 


5,261 
24,229 


2, 028, 243 




28,212 






Total 


3,561,094 


118,365 


96,156,913 


2, 677, 800 






WHEELS. 


367, 376 
332, 831 
185, 642 
256,552 


21,471 
7,084 
7,866 

12,321 


367, 376 
332, 831 

185, 642 
256,552 


21, 471 




7,084 




7,866 




12, 321 






Total 


1,142,401 


48, 742 


1,142,401 


48,742 






LINES. 






110,880 

852,534 

4,000 


4,800 






25, 149 






20 




1 












967, 414 


29,969 










TOTAL. 


4, 218, 748 
2,116,298 
1,230,528 


250,472 

45, 365 

7,038 


11,016,476 
21,32S,466 
25,520,426 
17, 495, 586 
77, 280, 989 
2, 427, 251 


604, 906 




554, 157 




164,300 




46, 187 




366, 049 

1, 484, 858 


16, 210 
73,723 


2, 835, 666 




130, 486 








9, 416, 481 


392,808 


155,069,194 


4,335,702 







SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



87 



Products canned. — Of the total pack of 1,926,539 cases, valued at 
$8,681,843, 1,757,539 cases, valued at $7,917,608, were packed on 
Puu-et Sound. One of the canneries operating on the Columbia River 
brought some sockeyes from Puget Sound, and the Puget Sound 
packers could have packed many more humpbacks than they did, 
but refrained from doing so because of the low prices prevailing at 
the time for canned humpbacks. 

Pack op Canned Salmon in Washington in 1909. 



Products. 


Puget Sound. 


Grays Harbor. 


Willapa Harbor. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Chinook, or king, red: 


655 
8, 278 


$2, 620 
49,668 
















197 


S837 












2,003 


10,817 


y.;,i4 


SI.".. 501 


1 . 258 


5,032 






Total 


10.936 


63, 105 


3.544 


15. 594 


1.455 


5,869 






Chinook, or kinc, white: 


2,033 
378 


S.210 
1,289 












2,177 


5. 22.:. 












Total 


2,411 


9,499 


2.177 


.5. 225 












Coho, or silver: 


24,061 
21,431 
109,249 

427 


05.771 

103,268 

458,845 

2,562 


1,088 

1,176 
7,299 


3, 046 
5,174 
29,926 














4.8.:.: 


17,359 












Total 


155, 168 


630,446 


9,563 


38, 1 l'i 


4,822 


17.359 






Chum, or dog: 








1,300 


1,950 




210 
53,469 


591 
128,325 








5.047 


11,608 


5,097 


11,213 






Total 




128,916 


5,047 


11.008 


6,397 


13,163 






Humpback, or pink: 


2,030 
368, 963 


5,585 
896,757 
























• 


Total... 


370,993 


902,342 
















Sockeye, or blueback: 


224,455 
454,381 
485, 507 


906,770 
2,728, 186 
2,548,344 








244 
1,405 


1,464 
7,587 













Total 


1,104.343 


6,183,300 


1,649 


9,051 










1,757,539 


7,917,608 


21,980 


79.024 




36,391 







SALMON FISHEKIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 
Pack of Canned Salmon in Washington in 1909 — Continued. 



Products. 


Columbia River. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Chinook, or king, red: 


22,895 

30,222 

606 

12, 066 

1,110 


$96, 160 

210, 134 

4,242 

78, 636 

10,212 


23,550 

38, 697 

606 

18,871 

1,110 


$98, 780 




260, 639 




4,242 




110,079 




10,212 


Total ... 


66,899 


399, 384 


82,834 


483,952 






Chinook, or king, white 






2,033 
2,555 


8,210 








6,514 










Total... 






4,588 


14,724 










Coho, or silver: 


9,143 
6, 278 
15,638 


25,600 
26,313 
63,900 


34, 292 

28, 885 

137,008 

427 


94, 417 




134,755 
570,030 




2,562 










Total 


31,059 


115,813 


200, 612 


801,764 


Chum, or dog: 






1,300 

219 

83, 664 


1,950 








591 




20,051 


46, 786 


197,932 






Total 


20,051 


46, 786 


85. 1S3 


200, 473 






Humpback, or pink: 






2,030 
368,963 


5,585 








890, 757 










Total ... 






370,993 


902, 342 










Soekeye, or blueback: 


.. 5,047 

2,087 

567 


21,197 
17,017 
3,062 


229,502 

456, 712 
487,479 


927,967 




2, 746, 667 




2, 558, 993 






Total 


7,701 


41,276 


1,173,693 


6, 233, 627 






Steelhead trout: 


945 
3,794 

3,897 


2,937 
19,422 
22, 602 


945 
3,794 
3,897. 


2,937 




19,422 




22,602 






Total 


8,636 


44,961 


8,636 


44,961 








134,346 


648, 220 


b 1,926,539 


8,681,843 







a Includes 997 cases, valued at $4,187, packed with sockeves from Puget Sound. 

b All 1-pound cases contain 48 1-pound cans; the J-pound cases contain 48 J-pound cans. Reduced to a 
common basis of cases containing 48 1-pound cans, the pack is 1,781,317J cases. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACTFTC COAST. 



89 



Miscellaneous products. — By far the greater part of the miscellane- 
ous secondary products were prepared on Puget Sound. Pickled 
salmon predominate in quantity, but mild-cured salmon represent 
the greatest value. 



Miscellaneous Secondary Products Packed in Washington in 1909. 

Note. — Mild-cured salmon have been figured on a basis of 800 pounds to the tierce and pickled fish on 
a basis of 200 pounds to the barrel. 



Products. 


Puget Sound. 


Grays Harbor. 


Willapa Harbor. 


Pounds. Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Frozen: 

Coho, or silver, round 


396,477 

60,000 

1,099,985 

264,687 

62,945 

70, 183 

4,000 

202,165 


$21,989 

-t,2l«l 

55,250 

11,911 

! , 888 

7,018 

Kin 

18,195 










Coho, or silver, dressed 



















Dog, or chum, dressed 










Humpback, round 


















King, or spring, dressed 








Steethead trout, round 


70,000 


§0,300 












Total 


2,160,442 


120,851 


70,000 


0,300 












Mild cured: 


1,687,200 


210, 770 


60,000 


9,000 


23.200 


$1,856 








Pickled: 






1,000 


540 






King, or spring, bellies 












Dog, or chum 


50,000 
1,615,000 

172,400 


175 
48, 150 
8,620 




















Humpback bellies 




















Total 


1,837,400 


57,245 


1 . 000 


540 














Smoked: 


30,000 

517,245 

5,000 

100,000 

30, 165 
190,500 


1,800 

25,862 

500 

5,000 

2,413 
10,050 










Dog, or chum 










Dog, or chum, kippered 










Humpback backs, kippered 




















King, or spring, white, kippered 




















Total 


872,910 


51 . 625 




















Fertilizer 


1,210,000 

3*0, < 14 S 


lS.lilO 
14,101 










Oil 




















8,148,000 


473, 202 


131,000 


15,840 


23,200 


1,856 







90 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Miscellaneous Secondary Products Packed in Washington in 1909 — Continued. 



Products. 


Columbia River. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Frozen: 


72,000 


$3,960 


468,477 

60,000 

1,099,985 

204,687 

62, 945 

70, 183 

4,000 

504, 165 


$25,949 




4,200 






55, 250 






11,911 






1 . 888 






7,018 






400 




232,000 


22, 120 


46,615 






Total 


304,000 


26,080 


2,534,442 


153,231 






Mild cured: 


522,400 


52,200 


2,292,800 


273,826 






Pickled: 






1,000 

6,750 

50,000 

1,615,000 

172, 400 


540 




6,750 


671 


671 




175 








48,450 








8,620 










Total 


6,750 


671 


1,845,150 


58, 456 






Smoked: 






30,000 

517,245 

5,000 

100,000 

30, 165 
190,500 


1,800 








25,862 






500 






5,000 






2,413 






16,050 










Total 






872,910 


51,625 
















1,210,000 

a380,64S 


18,610 


Oil.... 






14,161 












833,150 


78,951 


9, 135, 950 


569,909 







a Represents 50,713 gallons. 
COLUMBIA RIVER. 

As the Columbia River forms the boundary between Oregon and 
Washington and the citizens of both States operate in the river, for 
convenience tables showing persons employed, investment, catch, and 
the packs of canned salmon and miscellaneous secondary products on 
both sides of the river are combined in the tables given below, in 
addition to showing most of these data in the regular state tables. 

Persons Employed in the Salmon Fisheries op the Columbia River in 1909. 



Occupation and race. 


Number. 


( (ceupation and race. 


Number. 




4,443 


Transporters: Whites 


SO 




Total: 

Whites 




Shoresmen: 
Whites 


426 
417 
268 


4,949 






417 






268 




Grand total 




Total 


1,111 


5,634 









SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 91 

Investment in the Salmon Fisheries of the Columbia River in 1909. 



Items. 


Number. 


Value. 


Items. 


Number. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


39 
335 


$118,400 


Apparatus , shore fisheries-Con . 
Gill nets, drift 


2,755 

443 

166 

346 

39 

12 


$571,305 
8,163 






Outfit 


29,875 
26,550 
222, 700 
254,395 
51,950 
23,300 


Diver nets 


32, 535 




14 
425 


502,700 




Wheels, stationary 


3S9.000 


Fishing boats, sail and row. . . 


1,923 


30, 500 


110 
37 




1,577,300 






047,000 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 


Total 






52 1 21,250 
2 500 




4,567,423 



















Catch, by Apparatus and Species, in the Salmon Fisheries op the Columbia 

River in 1909. 



Apparatus and species. 



PURSE SEINES. 

Chinook, or king 

Coho, or silver 

Blueback. or sockeye. 
Steelhead trout 

Total 

HAUL SEINES. 

Blueback, or sockeye. 

Chinook, or king 

Dog. or chum 

Silver, or coho 

Steelhead trout 

Total , 

GILL NETS. 

Blueback, or sockeye. 

Chinook, or king 

Dog, or chum 

Silver, or coho 

Steelhead trout 

Total 

DIVER NETS. 

Chinook, or king 

Silver, or coho 

Steelhead trout 

Total 



Pounds. 



8,919 
2,184 
1,090 
4,742 

10,935 



110,503 

1,392,377 

24,000 

500, 139 
1,07s, lis 



3,111.437 



8,350 

11,958,512 

542, 172 

792.774 
515,940 



13,818,048 



884,538 

2,000 

84,333 



970,871 



Value. 



S 535 
44 
49 
190 



818 



5, 183 

85,201 

150 

12, 135 

52,502 



155,291 



390 

667,221 

3,223 

16,504 

25.2:12 



712,030 



55,880 

60 

4,217 



60, 163 



Apparatus and species. 



TRAP NETS. 

Blueback, or sockeye 

Chinook, or king 

Dog, or chum 

Silver, or coho 

Steelhead trout 

Total 

WHEELS. 

Blueback, or sockeye 
Chinook, or king. . . . 

Silver, or coho 

Steelhead trout 

Total 

TOTAL. 

Blueback, or sockeye 

Chinook, or king 

Dog, or chum 

Silver, or coho 

Steelhead trout 

Grand total. .. 



Pounds. 



141.205 
1,198,383 

931,504 
1,002,581 

527,1)71 



4,400,864 



949,105 

1,091,751 

603,453 

592,819 



3,237,188 



1,210,373 
10,534,480 
1,498,030 
3,509,431 
2,803,023 



25,555.343 



Value. 



16,387 

05,823 

5,188 

32,888 

20, 540 



136,826 



38,898 
64,082 
12,683 
27,835 



143,498 



50,913 

938,808 

8,561 

74,314 
136,636 



1,209,232 



92 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Canned Pack on Both Sides op the Columbia River in 1909. 



Products. 


Cases." 


Value. 


Products. 


Cases." 


Value. 


Blueback, or soekeye: 


6 37,118 
8,732 
c617 


$154,292 

56,887 

3,382 


Humpback, or pink: 


<*55 


$132 




Silverside, coho, or white: 






12,447 
14,498 
21,455 






34,852 
62,468 


Total 


46,467 


214,561 










Chinook, or king: 


90,281 
84,212 

606 
29,519 

534 
1,919 

458 


379,181 
603,651 

4,242 
193,827 

2,670 
18,142 

1,833 


Total 




48,400 


185,070 




Steelhead trout: 




1-pound flat exports 


8,009 
5,159 
8,217 


25,021 






27,117 






47,658 




Total 






21,385 


99,796 


T t 1 


207.529 


1,203.546 








348,378 


1 760 220 


Chum, or dog: 


24,542 


57,115 











a All 1-pound cases contain 48 1-pound cans; the ■£- pound cases contain 48 A-pound cans. 

b Of these, 5,592 cases, valued at $22,883, were filled with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound, Wash. 

c Of these, 50 cases, valued at $320, were filled with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound.Wash. 

d Filled with fish brought from Puget Sound, Wash. 

Pack op Miscellaneous Products on Both Sides of the Columbia River in 1909. 



Products. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Products. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Frozen: 


14.000 

2S8.175 

1,646,662 


$1,400 

17,828 

163,887 


Smoked: 


127,700 
20,000 


$19,155 




Silverside 


2,000 




Total 






147,700 


21,155 


T t 1 


1,948.837 


183,115 






ot 


6,535,533 


648 125 


Mild-cured: 


4,432,246 


44:1.184 










Pickled: 


6,750 


671 









OREGON. 

The catch of salmon in the Columbia River hi 1909 was only fair, 
owmg partly to the shortening of the open fishing season. On the 
coast streams conditions were far from favorable. Low water at one 
time kept the salmon from entering the streams; afterwards freshets 
and storms made fishing impossible at times. A few places, however, 
show increases over the previous year. 

STATISTICS BY COUNTIES. 

Persons employed. — The total number of persons employed was 
5,320. All of the fishermen and transporters were whites. Clatsop 
County, in which Astoria is located, has more than half of the per- 
sons employed. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



93 



Persons Employed in the Salmon Fisheries op Oregon, by Counties and 

Nationalities, in 1909. 



Counties. 


Fisher- 
men. 


Shoresmen 


Trans- 
porters. 


Total. 


Whites. 


Whites. 


Chi- 
nese. 


Japa- 
nese. 


Total. 


Whites. 


Whites. 


Chi- 
nese. 


Japa- 
nese. 


Total. 




48 
6 

88 

80 
149 
2,803 
154 
144 
121 
100 
270 

33 
111 


21 


33 


8 


02 




09 



119 

86 
178 
3.158 
169 
153 
130 
107 
312 

53 
113 


33 


8 


110 




6 




29 


68 


42 


139 


2 


68 


42 


229 




80 




21 
258 

11 
9 
7 
5 

20 

15 
2 






21 

555 
70 
42 
51 
34 
70 
19 
2 


8 

37 

4 

2 
2 
10 
5 






178 




152 
50 
19 
30 
19 
36 
4 


145 
9 
14 

14 
10 
14 


152 
50 
19 
30 
19 
36 
4 


145 
9 
14 
14 
10 
14 


3,455 




228 




180 




174 




130 




302 




57 




113 










Total 


4,179 


404 


411 


250 


1,071 


70 


4,653 


411 


256 


5,320 







Investment, apparatus, etc. — The total investment amounted to 
$3,641,775, of which more than one-half is contributed by Clatsop 
County. The gill net is the principal form of apparatus used in 
most counties. 



Investment in the Salmon Fisheries of Oregon, by Counties, in 1909. 





Wasco. 


Hood River. 


Multnomah. 


Clackamas. 


Columbia. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 










1 

11 


S4,000 






4 
26 


$10,900 


















Outfit 










001) 

1.000 
7.900 
2.300 
1,350 

400 

500 

871 

0, 250 






1,570 












1 

16 

53 

5 

1 

8 

26 






2 
76 
33 

4 

4 


1,800 




1 

10 


S'J.000 

800 










17.100 


Fishing boats, sail and row 





S240 


43 


SI, 290 


1,810 
1,500 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 


1 


500 










1,400 


Gill nets, drift.... 






7T 


3.470 
792 






4 


70 


20 


300 


50 
89 
10 


920 




15,825 
















6,750 


Wheels, stationary 


14 

4 


200,000 

0,1100 
201,000 
45,000 






12 
5 


53,000 
10,000 
123,015 
103,500 




















Shore and accessory property . 








115 




69,565 








15,000 




















Total 




575,970 




600 




320, 746 




5. 007 




144,140 









94 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Investment in the Salmon Fisheries op Oregon, by Counties, in 1909 — 

Continued. 





Clatsop. 


Tillamook. 


Lincoln. 


Lane. 


Douglas. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


16 
163 


$58, 200 


2 
16 

1 
3 

74 


$7,300 






1 

7 


$3,000 
950 


1 

5 


$2,000 


Tonnage 

Outfit 






14,630 

•21,5011 
97,100 
188,515 
38,860 
1,800 

10,600 

466, 175 

2,550 

300 

19,000 

774,815 


1,750 

2,000 

600 

5,550 






400 




8 

157 

1,210 

82 

2 

28 

2,131 

115 

3 

11 


2 
3 
73 


$600 
1.500 
5,925 








6 
90 

7 


1,200 
2,670 
1,020 






Fishing boats, sail and row... 


50 


2,100 
















Apparatus, shore fisheries: 










1 
51 
108 


130 
6,195 
1,502 






Gill nets, drift 


63 

151 


8, 230 
4,530 


112 

153 


10, 400 
4,490 


30 
116 


2, 125 




4,420 


























69,883 
28,000 




41,848 
12.500 




17,100 
13,500 




21,589 






265,000 


12,000 








Total 




1,959,045 


127,843 




77, 263 




47,267 




44,634 













Coos. 


Curry. 


Josephine. 


Total. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


4 
34 


$24,500 


1 
26 

1 


$10,000 






30 

288 


$119,900 










Outfit 


4,100 


1,350 
2,000 






25,350 










15 

287 

1,890 

114 

2 

a 48 

t>2,818 

<U,122 

d418 

21 

26 

• 9 


28,900 




25 
164 
16 


12,200 
8, 125 
2,320 






139,600 


Fishing boats, sail and row... 


22 


3,300 


56 


$1,920 


224,545 
45,050 












1,800 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 


8 
279 
166 


2,350 
23, 176 
4,720 


1 

6 

102 


300 

sun 

2,305 


4 
66 

14 


600 

2,200 

84 


16,280 




523,331 




27. till 




22,375 
















25,750 
















313,000 
















22,000 






67.400 
42,000 




100,400 
15,000 




7,450 


1,554,7S0 






551,500 














Total 




190, 891 




135,455 




12, 254 




3,641,775 











a Aggregate length of 22.N55 yards. 
b Aggregate length of 1,187,832 yards. 



<• Aggregate length of 59,625 yards. 
d Aggregate length of 46,600 yards. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



95 



Products. — The total catch amounted to 22,191,291 pounds, valued 
at $968,983, of which Clatsop County contributed more than one-half. 
Gill nets catch more than two-thirds of the total. Chinook salmon 
constitute more than one-half of the total catch. 

Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Oregon, by Species and Apparatus, in 

1909. 



Apparatus and species. 


Wasco. 


Hood River. 


Multnomah. 


Clackamas. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


SEINES. 










6,000 
41,000 


$300 
2,870 




















Silver 


206,000 
105,280 


S4 1.0 
4. 120 
















4,000 


200 














• 


Total 


31 1 . 280 


8.240 






51,000 


3,370 
















GILL NETS. 










1,000 
IN, 001) 
17,100 
20,900 


50 
770 
513 

975 








1,800 

2,600 
800 


144 

78 
48 


9.70(1 

14,700 

5.500 


§679 
521 
306 


'JUS, Old) 
7.009 

24,000 


38 .9.0 




210 




720 






Total 


5,200 


270 


29,900 


1,506 


57,000 


2.308 


239,000 


9.250 






DIVER NETS. 










131 , 757 
1,800 


9.223 
90 


































Total.... 










133.557 


9.313 




















WHEELS. 


534.555 
497. 805 
243,000 
272.835 


21,382 

28, 998 

4.860 

13.232 






228,968 

220.570 
27,622 
63, 432 


9.650 

13,613 

739 

2.282 










































Total... 


1.548.195 


68. 472 






546,592 


26,284 
















TOTAL. 


534,555 
499. 605 
151, COO 
378,915 


21.382 

29.142 

9.058 

17.400 






235,968 
417.327 
44,722 
90, 132 


10,000 

2H, 476 
1 , 252 
3,547 








9.700 
14,700 
5, «500 


679 
521 
306 


208. 000 

7,000 

24,000 


8, 320 




210 




720 








1,864.675 


76,982 


29,900 


1 , 50fi 


78S, 149 


41,275 


239,000 


9,250 







101379°— 11- 



96 



SALMON" FISHEKIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Products op the Salmon Fisheries oe Oregon, by Species and Apparatus, in 

1909— Continued. 





Columbia. 


Clatsop. 


Tillamook. Lincoln. 


Apparatus and species. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. Pounds. 


Value. 


SEINES. 






48, 781 
744,646 

24.000 
52,603 

427, (Hit 


$2, 195 

14,328 

150 

1,059 










64,115 


S3, 506 


















5.419 
83,073 


108 

4. 154 








Q . ,. , 




















152,607 


7. 768 


1,297,094 


69,085 
















GILL NETS. 






9,826,779 

94,248 
254, 869 
134, 071 


543,849 

599 
5,097 
6,662 


417,827 
323, 180 

421, 5S7 
5,000 


si 
1 

r. 


,916 

,617 


255,268 
72,360 


812,073 


Dog. 






453 








,244 5S0.182 


16, 755 




129,200 


6,460 


100 


6,200 


248 






Total 


129.200 


6,460 


10,309,967 


556.207 


1,167,894 


25.877 


914,010 


29,529 






DIVER NETS. 


476,500 


2S.710 


12,000 


720 


















POUND NETS. 






25,020 
43.610 
4,160 
18.220 
32.610 


1,126 

2,547 

26 

364 

1,631 












13.450 
145. 100 
544,000 

13.600 


59 

748 

11,280 

680 










Dog 






































Total 


716. 150 


12,767 


123.620 


5 694 
















TOTAL. 






73,801 
10,627,035 
122, 408 
325.692 
593.745 


3.321 

591,444 

775 

6.520 

29,646 












554, C65 
145,100 
549.419 
225.873 


32,275 

748 
1 1 , 388 

1 1 . 294 


417,827 

323, 480 

42! . 587 

5.000 


11,916 

1,617 

12,244 

100 


255, 26S 

72,360 

580, 182 

6,200 


12,073 


Dog 


45.3 




16,755 


Steelhead trout 


248 




1 , 474. 457 


55,705 


11,742,681 


631,706 


1.167,894 


2 


5,877 


914,010 


29,529 






Apparatus and species. 


Lai 


le. 


Douglas. 


Coos. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


SEINES. 


5,000 
8,000 


$125 
200 






16,200 

176,452 

3.900 


S466 








4,411 










78 
















Total 


13,000 


325 






196,552 


4. 955 












GILL NETS. 


82,304 
12,000 


2.057 
480 


62,912 


81,573 


127,581 


3,497 






Dog 


36,1100 

351.072 

13.000 


225 

8,728 

260 






Silver 


970.348 


24, 256 


1,210.048 
55,000 


30,251 




1,100 












Total 


1.064,652 


26. 793 


462. 9S4 


10,786 


1,392,629 


34, 848 








TOTAL. 


87,304 

12,000 


2,182 
480 


62,912 


1,573 


143, 781 


3,963 






Dos;. 


36, 000 

351.072 

13, 000 


225 

s, 728 

260 








978,348 


24. 456 


1,386,500 
58, 900 


34, 662 




1,178 














1.077.652 


27,118 


462, 984 


10, 786 


1.589.181 


39. 803 

























SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC TOAST. 



97 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries op Oregon, by Species and Apparatus, in 

1909— Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Curry. 


Josephine. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


SEINES. 










54,781 
901,861 

21.0110 
148, 17 t 
623,317 


%2, 195 




25,652 


$292 


5,248 


>•:■;• ;d 


51,917 


Dog 


J 50 










9,898 












29,905 














Total... 


25,652 


292 


5,248 


330 


2,052,433 


94,305 






GILL NETS. 










1,000 

11,637,261 

12,000 

526,088 

3,903,204 

502,691 


50 




462, 000 


4,620 




10,691 


600,189 




480 


Doi,-. 










2 894 




72,000 
107.100 


1,200 
2,018 


1,698 
1,920 


210 

85 


100,063 




18,982 






Total 


611,100 


7,838 


168,708 


10,986 


16.582.244 


722,658 






UIVEH NETS. 










620.257 
1,800 


38.653 












90 














Total 










622,057 


38, 74:1 














POUND NETS. 










25,020 
57,060 
1 19,260 

40.210 


1,129> 










2.000 


Dos; ! 






774 








11.644 








2,311 


Tolal 
















839,770 


18,461 












WHEELS. 








763,523 
724,375 
270,622 
336,267 


31,032 










42,611 










5,51)9 










15.514 










Toral 






2,094,787 


94. 756 










TOTAL. 

Blueback 










844,324 

13,940,814 

12,000 

699,318 

."..184,520 

1,510,285 


34,703 




487, 652 


4,912 


170,338 


11,021 


735,976 




480 


Do? 










3,818 


.silver 


72,000 

107,100 


1 , 200 
2,018 


1 , 698 
1,920 


210 
85 


127,2(11 




















Grand total 


666,752 ; 8,130 


173.956 


11,316 


22,191,291 968,983 



STATISTICS BY WATERS. 



Persons employed. — The Columbia River furnishes about four-fifths 
of the total number of persons employed. The Coquille River is 
second and the Siuslaw River third in this respect. 



98 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Persons Employed in the Salmon Fisheries op Oregon, by Waters and 

Nationalities, in 1909. 



Occupation and nationality. 


Colum- 
bia 
River. 


Nehalem 
River. 


Tilla- 
mook 
Baj 


Nestucca 
River. 


Siletz 
River. 


Yaquina 

Bay and 
River. 


Alsea 

Bay and 

River. 




3.240 


48 


46 


tin 


10 


63 


65 






Shoresmen: 

Whites 


329 
253 
195 


5 
23 

6 


6 

27 
3 




2 


2 
5 
5 


5 






14 






9 






Total 


777 


34 


36 




2 


12 


28 










47 




4 














Total: 

Whiles 


3,616 
253 
195 


53 
23 
6 


56 
27 
3 


60 


18 


65 
5 
5 


70 




14 




' 


9 








4,064 


82 


S6 


60 


18 


75 


93 







Occupation and nationality. 


Siuslaw 
River. 


Umpqua 
River. 


Coos Bay. 


Coquille 

River. 


Rogue 
River. 


Total. 




121 


100 


114 


162 


144 


4,179 






Shoresmen: 

Whites 


7 
30 
14 


5 
19 
10 


14 
14 

4 


12 
22 
10 


17 
4 


404 




411 




256 






Total 


:,1 


34 


32 


44 


21 


1.071 








2 


2 


10 




5 


70 








Total: 

Whites 


130 

30 
14 


107 
19 
10 


138 
14 
4 


174 
22 
10 


106 
4 


4,653 




411 




256 








174 


136 


156 


206 


170 


5,320 







Investment, apparatus, etc. — More than two-thirds of the invest- 
ment is found on the Columbia River, and this is the only river on 
which diver nets, pound or trap nets, and wheels are employed. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 99 

Investment in the Salmon Fisheries op Oregon, by Waters, in 1909. 



Items. 


Columbia River. 


Nehalem 
River. 


Tillamook 
Bay. 


Nestucca 
River. 


Siletz River. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 
I'ci wit vessels 


21 
200 


$73,100 






2 
16 


$7,300 










Tonnage 














Outfit 


16,800 

24,300 

124, 100 

194,955 

41,710 
1,800 

12,900 

470,205 

5,563 

22,375 

25.750 
313,000 

22,(100 

1.229,110 
128,500 






1,750 

2,000 
600 

1,500 












11 
250 

1,361 

2 

34 

2,211 

312 

lis 
21 
26 
9 






1 
3 

20 






1 




Fishing boats, power. - . 












Fishing boats, sail and 


24 


$1,800 


30 


$2,250 


9 


1 425 


Scows and house boats . 






















Apparatus, shore fish- 
eries: 
Haul seines 


















Gill nets, drift 

Gill nets, set 


17 
70 


1,980 

2,100 


26 
31 


3, 250 
930 


20 

50 


1,500 


3 

8 


300 

240 


Pound, or trap, nets. 


















Wheels, stationary. 




































Shore and acce orj 




53,078 
10,000 




16,605 
18,000 




200 




17 174 






1 000 














Total 




3,006,168 




68,958 




51,935 




6,950 




20,339 







Items. 


Yaquina Bay 

and River.' 


Alsea Bay and 
River. 


Siuslaw River. 


Umpqua River. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value 


Transporting vessels: 










1 


$3,000 


1 
5 


$2 000 


Tonnage 












Outfit 










950 


400 


Power boats 






1 


St 00 








3 

30 


$1,500 
2,600 


(i 
90 

7 

1 

51 
108 


1,200 

2,070 
1,020 

130 
6, 195 
1,502 

17,100 
13,500 






Fishing boats, sail and row.. . 
Scows and house boats 


34 


1,900 


50 


2,100 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 














Gill nets, drift 


60 

SO 


5,200 
2,300 

5,500 

1.000 


40 
6.5 


4,000 

1.050 

19,174 

10,500 


30 
116 


2 125 








•'1 589 






1" ooo 








Total 




18,100 




38,824 




47,267 




44,631 







Items. 


Coos Bay. 


Coquille River. 


Rogue River. 


Total. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


4 
34 


$24,500 






1 

26 


$10, 000 

1,350 

'J, 001) 


30 
288 

15 
287 

1,892 

114 

2 

4N 


$119,900 


Tonnage 






Outfit 


4,100 






25 350 


Power boats 








1 


28,900 
139,600 

224.515 
45,050 


Fishing boats, power 


22 

26 

5 


11,000 

3,325 

890 


3 

138 
11 


$600 

4.S00 

1,430 


Fishing boats, sail and row. . . 
Scows and house boats 


78 


5, 220 


Pile drivers 






1,800 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 


2 
165 

46 


550 

14,176 

1,120 


6 
114 
120 


1,800 
9,000 
3,600 


5 

72 
116 


900 


16,280 
523 331 


Gill nets, drift 


3 000 ">. 81S 




2,389 


1,122 

418 
21 
26 
9 


27,614 

22,375 
25 750 


Diver nets 


Pound, or trap, nets 














Wheels, stationary 














313,000 
22 ooo 


Wheels, scow 


















40,000 

17,000 




21,400 

25,000 




107 850 




1 554 780 


Cash capital 




15,000 


551 500 








Total 




123, 261 




67, 630 




147,709 


3,641,775 











100 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Catch. — The Columbia River produces more than two-thirds of the 
total catch, the Siuslaw River is second, and Coos Bay third. Blue- 
backs are taken on the Columbia River alone. The gill net is the 
only form of apparatus employed in most of the rivers. 

Products op the Salmon Fisheries of Oregon, by Apparatus, Species, and 

Waters, in 1909. 



Apparatus and species. 


Columbia River. 


Nehalem River. 


Tillamook Bay. 


Nestucca River. 


Pounds. ! Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


HAUL SEINES. 


$2,495 

50,704 

150 

5,287 

29,827 














Chinook or king, fresh 849,761 














Dog or chum 21,000 


























619,417 


























Total 


1,811,981 


88,463 




























GILL NETS. 


1,000 

10,064,279 

94,248 

296,209 

314.471 


50 

553,762 

599 

0,419 
15,171 














Chinook, or king, fresh 


50,284 


81,509 


314, 810 

259,856 

1 16,592 

5,000 


87,870 
1,299 

3,005 
100 


- '•■;• 


82,537 


Silver, or coho 


200,820 
63,624 


5,171 

318 


08, 109 


3.408 








Total 


10,770.207 


570,001 


320.734 


6,998 


720.258 


12.934 


120,902 


5,945 






DIVER NETS. 


620,257 

1,800 


38,653 

90 





























622,057 


38,743 




















POUND NETS. 


25,020 


1. 120 

2,606 

774 

11,644 

2,31] 








l 






.",7.0011 












Dog, orchum 149,260 

Silver, or folio 562.220 
















46,210 
















Total 


839,770 


18,401 




















WHEELS. 


763,523 

724.37.5 
270,622 
336,267 


31,032 
42,611 

5,599 
15,514 


























































Total 


2,094,787 


94,756 
























TOTAL. 


844,324 

12,315,732 

207,51)8 

1,393,133 

L, 318, 165 


34,703 

688,336 

1 , 523 

28,949 

62,913 














50,284 


1,509 


314,810 

259,850 

140. 502 

5,000 


7,870 52.733 


2,537 




1,299 

3,005 

100 








63,624 


5,171 

318 


68, 169 


3,408 














10,138,802 


810,424 


320, 734 


0,998 


720, 258 


12,934 120.902 


5,945 











SALMON ETSHEKIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



101 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries of Oregon, by Apparatus, Species, and 
Waters, in 1909 — Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Siletz 


River. 


Yaquina Bay and 
I; iver. 


Alsea Bay and 
River. 




Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


GILL NETS. 


53,690 


82,148 


33, 722 

42,640 

240, 738 


81,532 

267 

6, 752 


167,850 

29.72H 

333, m 

0.200 


88,393 










10,003 
2 18 




















Total 




2,148 


323,100 


8,551 


537,220 


18,830 


TOTAL. 

Chinook, or king, fresh 


53,690 


2, 1 is 


33,722 

42,640 

246,738 


1 , 532 

267 

6,752 


167,856 

29,720 

333, til 

6,200 


8,393 
186 








Id 003 








2 is 


















2, 148 


323,100 


8 . 55 1 


537,220 


18,830 





Apparatus and species. 


Siilslaw 


River. 


Umpqua l: iver. 


Coos Bay. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


HAUL SEINES. 


5,000 
8,000 


8125 
200 






12.100 
39,000 

3.90(1 


8363 








975 








78 














Total 


13,000 


325 






55,000 


I 410 










GII.L NETS. 

Chinook, or king, fresh 


82,304 
12,000 


2,1157 
180 


62,912 


$1,573 


100,181 


2,812 




36,000 

351,072 

13,000 


225 
8,728 

2(10 






970,348 


7,4 ,.)(: 


660,240 
19,000 


10,500 
980 












Total 


1,064,652 


20, 793 




10,786 


809,421 


20 ''os 






TOTAL. 


87,304 
12,000 


2,1sl> 
480 


62,912 


1,573 


112,281 


3 175 








36,000 

351,072 
13,001) 


225 
8,728 

21111 






978,348 


24, 156 


099.240 
52,900 


17.481 




1 05S 












1,077,652 


27.118 


462,984 


1(1.780 


804.421 


21 714 







102 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Products op the Salmon Fisheries of Oregon, by Apparatus, Species, and 
Waters, in 1909 — Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Coquille River. 


Rogue 


River. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


HAUL SEINES. 










54,781 
901,801 

24,000 
448,474 
023,317 


$2,495 




4,100 


$103 


30, 900 


$622 


51,917 




150 




137.452 


3,436 






9.898 








29,905 














Total 


141,552 


3,539 


30,900 


622 


2,052,433 


94,365 






GILL NETS. 










1,000 
11,037,261 

12,000 

520. OSS 

3,903,204 

502,691 


50 




27.400 


685 


627,090 


15,311 


000,189 




480 












2,894 




549,808 
6,000 


13,745 

120 


73. 6'. is 
109,020 


1,410 
2,103 


100,063 




18,982 






Total 


583,208 


14,550 


809,808 


18,824 


10,582,244 


722.658 






DIVER NETS. 










620,257 

1.800 


38,653 












90 
























622,057 


38, 743 














POUND NETS. 










25,020 
57,060 
149,260 

562,220 

46,210 


1,126 












2,606 












774 












11,644 












2,311 












Total 








839, 770 


18,461 












WHEELS. 










763,523 
724,375 
270.022 
336,267 


31,032 












42,611 












5,599 












15,514 














Total 










2,094,787 


94,756 














TOTAL. 










844,324 

13,940,814 

12.000 

635,724 

5.184.520 

1,573,909 


34,703 


Chinook, or kins;, fresh 


31,500 


788 


657,990 


15,933 


735,976 
480 












3,500 




687,260 

6.000 


17,181 
120 


73.698 
109,020 


1,410 
2.103 


127,204 




67,120 








724,760 


18,089 


840, 708 


19.440 


22,191,291 


968,983 







Products canned. — As in other branches of the industry the Co- 
lumbia River leads, producing more than two-thirds of the pack of 
canned salmon. But little was done on the Rogue River, owing to 
the recent death of Mr. R. D. Hume, owner of the principal cannery. 
Bluebacks and steelheads were packed on the Columbia River alone. 
All of the humpbacks and part of the sockeyes packed on the 
Columbia River were brought from Puget Sound, Wash. 



.SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 103 

Pack of Canned Salmon in Oregon, by Waters, in 1909. 



Products. 


Columbia River. 


N'ehalem River. 


Tillamook Bay. 


Yaquina River 
and Bay. 




Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


< !ases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Blueback, or sockeye: 


o32,071 
6,645 

6 50 


8133,095 
















39,870 
320 






































Total 


38,766 


173.285 




























Chinook, or king: 


67,386 
53,990 

17,453 
53 1 
809 
458 


283,021 

393,517 

115,191 

2,670 

7,930 
l , 833 


228 


$084 


965 


S2,895 






1-pomiil Hal 








1,643 


9,858 


2,128 


12,768 












1-pound oval 














2-pound nominal 




























Total 


140,630 




1,871 


10,542 


3,093 












Chum, or dog: 


4.491 


10.320 


909 


2,091 


3.712 


8,538 


33 


876 






Humpback, or pink: 


c55 


132 




























Silverside, coho, or white: 

J-pound flat 


3,304 
8,220 

5, si 7 


9,252 

36, 17.5 
23,850 


2,540 


:. 129 


2,119 














3,281 


13,124 


5 169 


15,876 


1,139 


4, 556 






Total 


17.341 


69,257 


5,827 


20,253 


6,088 


21.809 


1,139 


4,556 






Steelhead trout: 

J-pound flat 


7,064 
1,365 

4.320 


22. 084 




























1-pound tall 


25,056 




























Total 


12,749 


































214,032 


1. 112,000 


8,607 


32,886 


12,893 


46,010 


1,172 


4,632 





Products. 


Alsea River 
and Bay. 


Siuslaw 
River. 


I'mpqua 
River. 


Coos Bay. 




Cases. 


Value. 


• lasi s. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Casi 5. 


Value. 


Chinook, or king: 


928 












50 

211 


S150 














1,013 




655 


130 


032 


83,792 


500 


§3,000 






39 


312 
















Total 


1,583 


0.714 


632 


3.792 


500 


3,000 


300 


1.475 






Chum, or dog: 


80 


184 




























Silverside, eoho, or white: 

4-pound flat 


2,C01 


7,283 


4,017 


11,248 






2,088 
1,841 

759 
315 


5,846 








8, 100 




■1, 186 


16,744 


5.427 


21.708 


7.77;; 


31,012 


3 036 




945 
















Total 


6, 787 


24.027 


9.444 


32.956 


7, 753 


31,012 


5,003 


17,927 






Grand total 


8, 450 


30, 925 


10, 070 


36, 748 


8,253 


•34,012 


5,303 


19, 402 



a Of these, 4,595 cases, valued at SIS. 096, were filled with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound, Wash. 
* l'acked witli sockeye salmon from Puget Sound, Wash, 
c Racked with humpback salmon from Puget Sound, Wash. 



104 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Pack of Canned Salmon in Oregon, by Waters, in 1909 — Continued. 



Products. 


Coquille River. 


Rogue River. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Blueback, or sockeye: 










32,071 

6,645 

50 


$133,095 
39 870 

















320 














! 


38,766 


173 285 










Chinook, or king: 










69, 557 

54,591 

23,057 

534 

848 

458 


289 534 




204 

46 


$97'J 
276 


ISO 


Si. 300 


390, 809 
148 815 








2 670 










8 242 








1,833 












Total 


250 


1,255 


186 


1,300 


149,045 


847,903 


Chum, or dog: 








9,225 


21,218 












Humpback, or pink: 








55 


132 














Silverside, coho, or while: 


3,656 

1,220 
6,704 


10,237 

5,394 

27, 056 






20,331 

11,755 

39.320 

315 


56,928 
51 702 




4 US 
231 


2, 053 
924 




157 886 




945 














Total 


11.040 


42. 087 


099 


2.977 


71,727 


•'07 461 






Steelbead trout: 










7,064 
1,305 
4,320 


22, 084 












T 695 












25 056 














Total 










12,749 


54 835 
















11,896 


43,942 


885 


4,277 


a281,507 


1,364,834 





a All 1-pound cases contain 48 1-pound cans; the 1-pound cases contain 48 |-pound cans. Reduced to a 
common basis of 4s 1-pound cans the pack is 210,788£ cases. 

Miscellaneous secondary products.- — The Columbia River produces a 
large part of the miscellaneous secondary products. Mid-cured 
salmon form the greater part of the pack, followed by frozen, smoked, 
and pickled salmon in the order named. 

Pack of Miscellaneous Secondary Products in Oregon, by Waters, in 1909. 



Products. 


Columbia River. 


Nehalem River. 


Tillamook Bay. 


Siletz River. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Frozen: 


14,000 

216,175 

1,414,662 


$1,400 
13,808 

111.71,7 




















































Total 


1,644,837 


157,035 
















Mild-cured: 


3,909,846 


390, 984 


15,485 


$1,239 


59,595 


$4,708 


41,575 


$4,003 




Smoked : 


127,700 
20,000 


19,155 
2,000 




































Total 


147,700 


21,155 
























Grand total 


5,702,383 


509, 174 


15,485 


1,239 


59, 595 


4,708 


41,575 


4,003 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



105 



Pack of Miscellaneous Secondary Products in Oregon, by Waters, in 

1909— Continued. 



Products. 


Alsea River and 
Pay. 


Siuslaw River. 


Umpqua River. 




Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value, 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Mild-cured: 


32,386 


$3,158 


12,000 


$960 


4.002 


$240 






Pickled: 




4(11) 
2,600 


24 
130 






















Total 




3.000 


154 
















32,380 


3,158 


15,000 


1,114 


1.002 


240 







Products. 


Coos 15 ay. 


Rogue 


River. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Frozen : 










14,000 

216,175 

1,446,685 


SI. 400 












L3,868 






v ir .••: 


$2,891 


144,658 








Total 




32.023 


2,891 


1,676,860 


159,920 








Mild-cured: 


48,000 


$4,800 


242,553 


21.673 


4,365,442 


434.825 






Pickled: 










400 

2.00(1 


24 












L30 














Total 








3,000 


154 










Smoked : 






127.700 

20.01)0 


19,155 






2,000 










Total 




1 i 


147,700 


21 , 155 












48,000 


4,800 


274,576 


27,564 


6,193,002 


616,060 







CALIFORNIA. 

In Eel River the runs of all species of salmon were very poor. For 
the first few days of the season the catch was very heavy, after which 
the run dwindled down to almost nothing. Nearly all of these were 
shipped fresh to San Francisco, where the dealers claimed that most 
of them arrived in had condition. 

In the Sacramento River the run was a very fair one, and all of 
the product was marketed in either a fresh, mild-cured, or smoked 
condition, none being canned. The interesting table following shows 
the daily deliveries of chinook salmon to one of the mild-curing plants 
on the river, and the total and average weights of same. 



106 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Daily Deliveries of Chinook Salmon to a Mild-Curing Plant on the Sacra- 
mento River, Season of 1909. 



Date. 


Num- 
ber. 


Total 
weight. 


Aver- 
age. 


Date. 


Num- 
ber. 


Total 
weight. 


Aver- 
age. 


Spring, 1909. 


21 

13 
109 
305 
111 
183 
331 
163 
28 1 

75 
104 
116 
358 
251 
171 
175 
107 

66 
132 

96 
308 
152 

89 
•-71 
25 1 
310 
323 
210 
226 
154 
166 
315 
422 
342 
245 
268 
197 
330 
299 


421 
297 
2,411 
7,512 
2,826 
4,510 
7,708 
3,919 
5,918 
1,788 
2.391 

2. 7 Hi 
8,059 
5, 739 
4,016 
4.128 
2,490 
1,680 
2,957 
2,287 
7,302 
3,717 
2,056 
6,635 
6, 201 
7,378 
7,844 
.-,,037 
5, 246 

3, 778 
4,150 
7,290 
9,917 
7,767 
5,900 
6, 496 
4,82(1 
7,529 
7,250 


20.0 
22.0 
22.0 
24. (i 
25.4 

21. 6 
23. 2 
24.0 
23.8 
23. 8 
23.0 
23.2 
23. 

22. 8 

23. 1 
23. 5 

22. (1 
25.4 
22.4 

23. 8 
23. 3 
24.4 

23. 1 

24. 2 
24.4 

23. 8 
24.2 
23.9 
23.2 

24. 5 

25. 

23. 1 
23.5 
22.7 
21.0 

24. 2 
24.5 
22.8 
24.2 


Fall, 1909. 
Aug. 17 


279 
325 
147 

IS;", 

39 

1,731 

458 

279 

315 

145 

86 

1.300 
812 
628 
356 
242 
111;", 

1,176 
915 
758 
704 
677 
369 

1,917 

1,343 
751 
047 

1 . 403 


6,658 
8,021 
4,018 
4,954 
1,011 
42. 829 
1 1 , 888 
7,444 
8,250 
3, 747 
2,309 
32,926 
21,018 
16, 331 
9,654 
6,582 
2, 885 
31,640 
24,277 
19, 8< 1 
18,851 
18,204 
9,592 
49,781 
35, 555 
20,097 
17,328 
35,883 


23.8 


' i T 


18 


24.6 


19 


19 


27.3 


20 


211 


26.7 


21 


21 

23 

24 

25 


25.9 


22 


24.7 


23 


26.0 


94 


26.7 


26 


2li 


2(1.0 


27 


27 


25.8 


28 


28 


28.0 


29 


30 


25.3 


30 


31 


25.8 




Sept. 1 


26.0 




9 


27.1 


4 


3 


27.1 


5 


4 


27.4 


6 


(i 


26.9 


7 


7 


26.5 


8 


8 


2(1. 2 


10 


9 


26. 7 


12 


10 


26.8 


13 


11 


26.0 


14 


13 


25.9 


15 


14 


26.4 


17 


15 


26.7 


is 


16 


26.7 


19 


17 


24.0 




Total 




21 


18,182 


471,607 


25.9 




Grand total 





2-1 


26,201 


661,699 


25.45 


25 




26 




27 




28 




29 




30 












Total 


8,019 


190.092 


23.7 









The southernmost point on our coast where salmon are taken com- 
mercially is in Monterey Bay, and it is here that trolling was first 
engaged in to any extent. Yearly the chinooks come into Monterey 
and Santa Cruz Bays, where they sometimes remain feeding for 
months. When they strike in, which in numbers they usually do 
the latter part of April, they are in the pursuit of squid, sardines, 
anchovies, and other small fish, and their presence is first indicated 
to the fishermen by the occasional disturbances of the surface by the 
small fish. It is a signal for the fishermen and sportsmen, who go 
out in both sail and row boats. 

During 1909 most of the catch was made in the vicinity of Mon- 
terey, the salmon appearing in but small numbers in Santa Cruz Bay. 

While evidently coming in schools at first, salmon soon scatter 
about in pursuit of their prey, thus making the use of nets unprofit- 
able. In a dead calm troll fishing practically ceases, but with the 
return of the breeze the fish resume biting. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



]()7 



The silver salmon come into Monterey Bay in July and are usually 
taken in that one month alone. Some of them run as large as 12 to 
13 pounds each and all are feeding. 

During 1909 the dealers had an agreement with their fishermen, 
who are mostly Japanese, under which they kept hack a certain per- 
centage of tlie price until the end of the season. This was done in 
order to make certain that the fishermen would not go oiF and sell to 
some one else the better fish and bring them the poorer quality. 

The following table shows the daily receipts of chinook salmon 
at the mild-curing plant of one of the companies operating at Mon- 
terey during 1909. The table also shows the number of boats fishing, 
the number of fish caught, and the total weight of same, and the 
average weight per fish : 

Daily Deliveries ok Chinook Salmon at a Mild-curinc. Plant on Monterey 

Bay, Season of 1909. 



Date. 



1909 
Apr. 30. . 
May 1.. 

3.. 

4-;, 

6.. 

7.. 

s. . 

10.. 

11.. 
12.. 
13.. 

14.. 
15.. 

in.. 

17.. 

is.. 

19. . 
22.. 
23.. 
24.. 

26. . 

27. . 
28 . . 

30.. 

31.. 

June 1.. 

2.. 

3.. 

4.. 

5.. 

6.. 

7.. 

s 

9.. 
10. . 
11.. 
12.. 
13.. 
14. 
15.. 
16.. 
17.. 
18 

19.. 
20... 



Num- 
ber of 
boats. 



70 

69 

12 

30 

41 

35 

23 

15 

28 

82 

83 

93 

103 

16 

107 

S7 

63 

31 

82 

107 

111 

US 

54 

OS 

93 

US 

119 

95 

115 

109 

112 

96 

114 

95 

80 

68 

66 

S3 

95 

106 

so 

112 

115 

105 

117 

112 

111 



Num- 


Total 


A V IT- 


ber of 
fish. 


weight. 


age 
weighl 


91 it') 


10,002 


18.3 


319 


4,090 


12. S 


20 


369 


18.4 


152 


2,512 


L6 5 


J 20 


1 , 758 


14.(1 


93 


1,084 


11.6 


47 


602 


13.(1 


47 


633 


13.(1 


50 


770 


13.4 


6 12 


8,210 


12.5 


613 


6,250 


10. 2 


847 


9,993 


11.8 


615 


7,835 


12.7 


20 


429 


10.0 


1,152 


14,012 


12.7 


318 


4,0(17 


15.0 


135 


1,073 


12. 5 


46 


007 


15.0 


170 


(,,iii.; 


12.7 


1,652 


23,600 


14.3 


3,390 


50,62] 


15. 


1,190 


17,59(1 


12.0 


94 


1,019 


17.0 


222 


3, 158 


15.5 


0511 


9,874 


15.5 


2, 852 


38,567 


13.5 


l.lMi;, 


14,02". 


14. 


493 


8,273 


17.0 


1,245 


20,256 


17.0 


1,000 


1 1,304 


14.0 


724 


1(1,437 


14.0 


1,015 


22, :,71 


14.0 


988 


12,91)1 


13. 


485 


7,(112 


14.5 


307 


4,804 


10.0 


200 


3, 437 


17.0 


243 


4,786 


22.0 


3 is 


6, 187 


19.0 


623 


10,218 


16.0 


499 


7,905 


10. 


390 


0,055 


IS. 


1,729 


27, 524 


16.0 


3,092 


48, 138 


15.4 


1 , 395 


24,430 


17.6 


3,725 


61,789 


16.7 


2, 083 


35, 265 


17.0 


1 , 442 


23,3:::, 


16. 2 l 



Date. 



L909. 

June 21 

22.... 
23.... 

24 .... 



28. 

29. 
30. 
July 1. 
2. 
3. 
0. 



10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

1.-.. 

10. 

17. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

20 . 

27. 

28. 

29. 

30. 

31. 

Aug. 2. 

3 

4. 



6... 
7.... 
9-12. 



Num- 
ber of 
boats. 



106 
110 
104 
111 
100 
L08 
40 
44 
ss 

101 

111 

100 
10S 
113 

111 

110 

so 
111 

ss 

79 
02 
91 

os 
85 
85 

55 
91 
02 

os 

79 
95 
IDS 
104 
105 
SS 
59 
47 
79 
43 
21 
43 
70 
52 
12 



Num- 
ber of 
fish. 



1,808 

1 , 678 

1,135 

1,811 

595 

615 

142 

212 

500 

1.175 

1, 110 

634 

1,313 

1.0S7 

1,568 

1 . 42S 

971 

973 

:,si 

400 
1H7 
100 
513 
195 
500 
257 
122 
21 1.", 
350 
40(1 
1 , 284 
1,170 
1 , 487 
901 
267 
114 
144 
287 
78 
71 
170 
274 
114 
20 

71,019 



Total, 
weight. 



30,090 
20,576 

15,901 
26,826 
9,549 
9,645 
1,831 
2,719 
7,030 
14,499 
18,363 

S, 570 

10,000 

24,508 

20,054 

20, 401 

13,350 

13,236 

8,184 

5,190 

4,847 

5,469 

0, 166 

.-,,713 

.-,,097 

3,187 

3,252 
5,178 

0, 237 
15,391 
16, 137 

22,700 
IS, 570 
5,521 

2.. MS 
2,S:i2 

I, 01 IS 

1,574 

1,300 

3,546 
4,845 

2,150 
502 

1,043,358 



Aver- 
age 
weight. 



10.0 
12.2 
1 1.0 

1 4. 5 
10.0 
15.0 
12.7 
1 2. X 
1 2. 5 
L3.0 
13.0 
13.5 
12.2 
15.0 
13.0 
14.27, 
14.0 
13.5 
14.0 
13.0 
12. 
11.7 
12.0 

11. 6 
11.25 

1 2. 4 
13.1 
I.",. 75 
15.0 
L3 5 
12.0 
14.0 
17 30 

19.5 
20. 7 
22. 7 
19.9 
17. 
20.0 
19.0 
20. 9 

15. 
19.0 
25.0 

14.6 



108 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 
STATISTICS BY COUNTIES. 



Persons employed. — The total number of persons employed was 
2,675, Contra Costa County leading with 774 persons. 

Persons Engaged in the California Salmon Fisheries, by Counties, in 1909. 





Fishermen. 


Shoresmen.** 


Trans- 
porters 
(whites). 

3 




Counties. 


Whites. 


Japa- 
nese. 


Chi- 
nese. 


Total. 


Whites. 


Indians. 


Japa- 
nese. 


Total. 


total. 




84 
339 






84 

339 


17 
19 
25 


15 




32 
19 

25 


119 








358 














25 




8 
60 

42li 
1)54 
04 
42 
17.S 
12 
45 
20 
45 
10 
65 
68 






8 
60 

42(1 

654 
88 
42 

178 
12 
45 
20 
45 
10 

224 
68 








8 








60 
50 

78 






60 

50 

7s 


8 

24 
42 


128 












494 












774 


San Joaquin 

Yolo... 


24 








88 












42 


















178 














- 




12 


Butte 














5 


50 








1 






1 
5 


21 










5 




50 














10 




144 


IS 


26 






26 




250 










68 




















Total 


2.114 


168 


15 


2. 297 


271". 


15 


5 


290 


82 


2, 075 



a All the shoresmen reported for Alameda County and part of those reported for San Francisco County 
are employed by one of the Alaskan canning companies and have been reported here, as they are employed 
here the whole j ear. 

Investment, apparatus, etc. — The total investment amounts to 
$1,232,960. The shore property reported for Alameda County belongs 
to one of the companies operating in Alaska. Contra Costa leads in 
the total investment. Gill nets, haul seines, and trolling lines are 
the principal forms of apparatus in use. 

Investment in the Salmon Fisheries of California, by Counties, in 1909. 





Del Norte. 


Humboldt. 


Alameda. 


Marin. 


San 
Francisco. 




Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


1 
9 


S3. 24s 














1 

32 


$25,000 


















Outfit 


750 














1,240 


















4 
15 
15 


7,000 




















IS, 000 




54 


2,640 


253 
2 

17 
286 


$6,625 
100 

2,450 

19,375 
7,750 
4,500 






4 


$400 


1.500 










Apparatus, shore fisheries: 


4 
50 


550 
11,300 














Gill nets, drift 






4 


1,050 
50 


30 


7,875 




17,020 1 

10,000 




SIS? v0 


155,320 






43,500 
















Total 




45,508 


40,800 




159,550 




1,500 




259,435 













SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



109 



fiNTVESTMENT IN THE SALMON FISHERIES OF CALIFORNIA, BY COUNTIES, IN 

1909— Continued. 





Solano. 


Contra Costa. San Joaquin. 


Yolo. 


Sacramento. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
bei . 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


1 

10 


$4,000 

1,000 
19,500 
10.400 
36,400 

4.000 

39,500 


1 
5 

23 

32 

300 

11 

322 


$5,500 


























Outfit 


930 

36,800 

21,000 

58,500 

4,800 

64,400 

10 

117,113 

85,000 














14 
30 
183 

10 

210 














Fishing boats, power 

Fishing boats, sail and row.. . . 


28 

16 


$8,400 

2,900 


4 

17 
5 

21 


$1,600 

990 

1,000 

2,550 


17 
77 
19 

113 


JSe 800 
.5.170 
3,050 


A pparatus, shore fisheries: 
(iill nets, drift 


44 


6,600 


14,320 






29.900 
50,000 






581 1 




145 




815 




















Total 




194,700 


394.053 




IS. 480 




6,285 




30,755 













Sutter. 


Butte. Glenn. 


Tehama. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


• 
Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. Num- 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 

Fishing boats, sail and row 


6 

3 


$375 
375 


20 


$840 6 


$300 


20 


$1,000 




10 


1,000 4 


400 


10 


1,020 


Gill nets, drift 


6 


600 

50 








2,075 


600 




2 150 








Total 




1,400 




3,915 


1,300 















Shasta. 


Monte r ey. 


Santa Cruz. 


Total. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 














4 
56 


$37, 748 


Tonnage 














Outfit 














3 920 
















41 

171 

1,158 

50 

a 47 
61,086 


63,300 








2 4 
170 


$13, 851 1 

7,805 


21 
13 


SI 1,000 

2.000 


Fishing boats, sail and row 

House boats and scows 


4 


$200 


128,245 
13 925 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 


2 


230 












(iill nets, drift 










167,570 
1 140 










8S6 




263 


1 1 a n d lines 




1 




10 






275 




3,900 
30,000 




100 




497,393 

223 ooo 


Cash capital 




















Total 




705 




50,441 




13 963 


1.232,960 











a Aggregate length of 13,449 yards. 



b Aggregate length of 438, 120 yards. 



110 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Catch. — The total catch amounts to 12,141,937 pounds, valued at 
$585,995. Contra Costa County leads in catch, followed closely by 
Solano County. Nearly four-fifths of the catch was made with gill 
nets, while chinook salmon comprise almost all of the catch. 

Products op the Salmon Fisheries of California, by Apparatus and Species, 

in 1909. 







Del Norte. 


Humboldt. 


Marin. 


San Francisco. 


Apparatus and species. 


Pounds. Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


GILL NETS. 






9,300 
463,649 


$317 
10,970 












524.225 
27.000 
50.000 
20,000 


$8,532 

1 , 220 

900 

1,000 


5.3S0 


$310 


91,003 


$4,055 








23,000 


690 




















4,700 


235 


























Total 


021,225 


1 1 . 052 


500,649 


18,212 


5,3S0 


310 


91,063 


4,055 








SEINES. 






11 $00 
301,600 

32,049 

12.111)11 
2.1)00 
4,200 


372 

12.004 

2,932 

360 

100 

84 


























10,000 


400 






















24,000 


800 






































34,000 


1,200 


303.540 


15,912 






















TOTAL. 






21,000 
765,249 

32.049 
35,000 

2,000 
4,200 
4,700 


689 

20,034 

2,932 

L,050 

100 

84 
235 












z.A :■■: 
37,000 
50,000 
44,000 


1,020 

900 

1,800 


5,380 


310 


91,003 


4.055 




































































055,225 


12,852 


804, 198 


34,124 


5,380 


310 


91,003 


4,055 






Apparatus and species. 


Solano. 


Contra Costa. 


San Joaquin. 


Yolo. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


GILL NETS. 




SI 08. 713 


3,944,902 
678 


$210,855 
41 


61,187 


12,585 


197,520 


$10,852 














Total 


3,238,788 


108,713 


3,945,580 


210,896 


01,187 


2,585 


197,520 


10, 852 


LINES. 






3,500 


270 






























3,500 


270 
























TOTAL. 


3,238,788 


108,713 


3,944,902 
4,178 


210,855 
311 


01,187 


2,585 


197,520 


10,852 


























108-713 


3, 149.080 


211.100 


61,187 


2, 585 


107,52') 


10,852 





















SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Ill 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries op California, by Apparatus and Species, 

in 1909— Continued. 



A pparatus and species. 


Sacramento. 


Sutter. 


Butte. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


GILL NETS. 


599,723 


$32,690 


62,119 


$1,917 








Total 


599,723 


32.690 


62,119 


1,917 








SEINES. 










103,022 


88,285 














Total 










163,022 


8.285 














TOTAL. 


599,723 


32,690 


62,119 


1,917 


163,022 


8,285 










32, 690 


62,119 


1,917 


163,022 


8,285 







Apparatus and species. 


Glenn. 


Tehama. 


Shasta. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


SEINES. 


72,547 


$3,627 


314,102 


$16,905 


46, 475 


$2, 789 






Total 


72.547 


3,627 


314,102 


16,905 


46,475 


2,789 






TOTAL. 


72. 517 


3.627 


314.102 


16,905 


46,475 


2,789 








72,547 


3,627 


314,102 


16,905 


46,475 


2,789 






Apparatus and species. 


Monterey. 


Santa Cruz. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


GILL NETS. 










9.300 

9,188,556 

27,000 

73,000 
20.000 
5,378 


$317 












457,479 












1.220 










1,590 










1,000 










276 












Total 








9,323,234 


461,882 












SEINES. 










11.700 
897,746 
42,049 
12,000 
26,000 
4,200 


372 












43,670 












3,332 












360 












900 


Dog 











84 














Total 










993,695 


48,718 














LINES. 


1,769,524 
10,000 


$72,634 
500 


37,373 

4,500 

111 


$1,759 
225 


1,806,897 
14,500 
3,611 


74,393 


Silver 


725 




277 










Total 


1,77(1.524 


73,134 41,984 


1.991 


1,825,008 


75,395 






TOTAL. 

Blueback 








21,000 

11,893,199 

69,049 

99,500 

46,000 

4,200 

8,989 


6S9 


Chinook , fresh 


1,769,524 


72,634 | 37,373 


1,759 


575, 542 


Chinook, salted 


4,552 


Silver, fresh 


10,000 


500 4,500 


225 


2,675 


Silver, salted 


1,900 


Dog 








84 


Steelhead trout 






111 


7 


553 










Grand total 


1,779,524 


73,134 1 41.984 


1,991 


12,141,937 


585,095 















101379°— 11- 



112 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

STATISTICS BY WATERS. 

Persons employed. — Of the 2,675 persons employed in the industry, 
1,880 were on the Sacramento River. The next largest number was 
employed on Monterey Bay. 

Persons Engaged in the Salmon Fisheries op California, by Waters and 

Nationalities, in 1909. 



Occupation and race. 


Smith 
River. 


Klamath 
River. 


Mad 
River. 


Eureka 
Bay. 


Eel 
River. 


Sacra- 
mento 
River. 


Monterey 
Bay. ' 


Total. 


Fishermen: 

Whites 


47 


37 


41 


7 


291 


1,558 


133 
15 

144 


2,114 




15 














24 


168 
















Total 


47 


37 


41 


7 


291 


1,582 


292 


2,297 


Shoresmen: 


17 
15 






6 


13 


214 


26 


276 








1.5 












5 




5 
















Total 


32 






6 


13 


219 


26 


296 










Transporters: 

Whites 




3 








79 




112 














Total: 


64 
15 


40 


41 


13 


304 


1,851 


159 


2,472 




15 














15 

144 


15 














29 


173 
















Grand total 


79 


40 


41 


13 


304 


1,880 


318 


2,675 



Investment, apparatus, etc. — More than nine-tenths of the total 
investment is represented in the Sacramento River. Trolling lines 
are used in Monterey Bay. 

Investment in the Salmon Fisheries op California, by Waters, in 1909. 





Smith River. 


Klamath River. 


Mad River. 


Eureka Bay. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- ,- , 
ber. Value " 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 

Power vessels 






1 
9 


$3,248 










Tonnage 














Outfit 






750 
1,870 










Fishing boats, sail and row 


23 

4 
IS 


$770 

550 
800 
420 


31 


33 

4 

37 


$865 

500 

1,800 

100 


7 


$175 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 

Haul seines 




Gill nets, drift 


35 1 


7 


525 


Shore and accessory property 




16,600 
10,000 


900 


Cash capital 




1,500 


















Total 




2,540 




42,968 




3,265 




3 100 









SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



113 



Investment in the Salmon Fisheries of California, by Waters, in 
1909— Continued. 



Items. 


Eel River. , Sa< ^" t0 


Monterey T . , 
Bay. 10tal - 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 






3 
47 


$34,500 






4 
56 


837,748 














ouim 






3, 170 
63,300 
66,200 
108,575 
13,825 

2,0511 






3,920 








41 
126 
668 

48 

20 
750 






41 

171 

1,158 

50 

47 
1,086 


63,300 






45 

183 


$2 t . 851 1 
10,405 







213 
13 

242 


$5, 585 
100 

1,050 
17,050 


128,245 




13,925 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 






5,050 


Gill nets, drift 




1,149 


10,7,571) 




1,149 








10 

408,023 
178,500 




10 




6, 750 
3,000 






4,000 

30,000 




497,393 




223, (100 


Total 






34, 135 -- 1.070. "IS 




70,404 




1,232,000 













Catch. — About four-fifths of the total catch was made on the Sac- 
ramento River; Monterey Bay was second and Eel River third. 
With the exception of Monterey Bay, gill nets take the largest part 
of the catch on all the waters. The catch of species other than 
chinook is very small. 

Products of the Salmon Fisheries of California, by Apparatus, Species, and 

Waters, in 1909. 



Apparatus and species. 


Smith River. 


Klamath River. 


Mad River. 


Eureka Bay. 


Pounds. Value. Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


GILL NETS. 










3,800 

50, (KM) 


SI 52 

2,000 








40,000 

20,001) 


SI, 200 
800 


484,225 

7,000 
50,000 
20,000 


87,332 

420 

900 

1,000 


28,000 


$840 


Chinook, salted 






12,000 


300 






























Total 


60,000 


2,000 


561.225 


9,652 


65,800 


2,512 


28,000 


840 






HAUL SEINES. 










2, 100 
28,000 
6,000 
7,000 


84 

1,120 
360 
210 






Chinook , fresh 














Chinook, salted 


10,000 


400 










Silver, fresh 












24,000 


800 
























Total 


34,000 


1,200 






43,100 


1,774 














TOTAL. 

Blueback 










5,900 
78,000 
6,000 

19,000 


236 

3,120 

360 

570 






40,000 
30, 000 


1,200 
1,200 


484,225 
7,000 
50, 000 
20,000 


7,332 
420 
900 

1,000 


28,000 


840 


Chinook, salted 










Silver, salted 


24,000 


800 














Grand total 


94,000 


3,200 


561,225 


9,652 


ION. 0011 


4,286 


28,000 


840 



114 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Products of the Salmon Fisheries of California, by Apparatus, Species, and 
Waters, in 1909 — Continued. 



Apparatus and species. 


Eel River. 


Sacramento River. 


Monterey Bay. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


GILL NETS. 


5,600 
385,649 


$165 
14, 130 










9,300 
9, 188, 556 
27,000 
73,000 
20.000 

5,378 


$327 




.: II fc8Z 


8431,977 






457,479 








1,220 




11,000 


330 










1 , 590 












1,000 




4.70U 


235 


678 


41 






276 










Tot al 


400,849 


14,860 


8,201,360 


1 12,018 






9,323,234 


461 , S92 










HAUL SEINES. 


9, 600 
273, (J00 
26,049 
4,200 
5,000 
2,000 


288 

10,944 

2,572 

84 

150 

100 










11,700 
897,746 
42.049 
4,200 
12,000 
26,000 


372 




596, 146 


31,606 






43,670 








3,332 












84 












360 












900 














Total 


320, 449 


14. 138 


596.146 


31,606 






993,695 


48, 718 










LINES. 








1,806,897 

14,500 

111 


$74,393 
725 

7 


1,806,897 
14.500 
3,611 


74,393 












725 








3,500 


270 


277 










Total 






3.500 


270 


1,821,508 


75, 125 


1,825,008 


75,395 










TOTAL. 


15,100 

659, 249 

26,049 

4,200 

16,000 
2,000 
4,700 


4:.:: 

25.0,-4 

2, 57 .! 

si 

(-0 

100 
235 










21.000 

11,893,199 
69,049 

4,200 
99,500 
46, 000 

8,989 


689 




8,796,828 


463,583 


1,806,897 


74,393 


575, 542 




4,552 


Dog, or chum 








84 




14,500 


725 


2,675 






1,900 




4,178 


311 


111 


7 


553 






Grand total 


727.298 


28,998 


S, S01, 006 


463, 894 


1.S21.50S 


75,125 


12,141,937 


585, 995 



Products canned. — But one cannery was operated in 1909, and that 
at Requa, on the Klamath River. The pack of this cannery was 
5,663 cases of 1-pound flat chinooks, which sold for $28,315. 

Miscellaneous secondary products. — Mild-cured and smoked salmon 
comprise the secondary products prepared. 

Pack of Miscellaneous Secondary Products in California, by Waters, in 1909. 



Products. 


Eel River. 


Sacramento River. 


Monterey Bay. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Mild-cured: 


64,000 


$6,400 


4, 095, 162 


.$4.50,019 


728,800 


$64,049 


4.887,962 


$520, 468 






Smoked: 

Chinook 

Silver 


50.000 
3,000 


5,000 
300 


56, 550 
4,660 


8,943 
326 


4,000 


700 


110,550 

7,660 


14,643 
626 








Total 


.53,000 


5,1 


61,210 


9,269 


4,000 


700 


118,210 


15, 269 


Grand total 


117,000 


11,700 


4,156,372 


459, 288 


732,800 


64, 749 


5,006,172 


535, 737 







SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



115 



ALASKA. 

The season of 1909 was a very quiet one in Alaska. Owing to 
the expected quadrennial heavy run of sockeye salmon on Puget 
Sound, several cannery men who operate there and in Alaska shut 
down their Alaska plants and devoted all their energies to the Sound, 
which materially reduced the amount of fishing gear used in Alaska, 
and as a consequence the total quantity of products produced. In 
western Alaska the ice hampered operations in the early part of the 
season, but, with the exception of the Ugashik and Ugaguk Rivers, 
the runs were fairly good. The weather was very severe on Nus- 
hagak Bay and as a result eight fishermen lost their lives there by 
drowning. In Central Alaska the run of salmon in the neighbor- 
hood of Karluk fell off very materially as compared with 1908, but 
in Chignik the usual good run appeared. In southeast Alaska, 
except in the lower portion, the run was very good, but the cannery 
men packed no more of the cheaper grades than they felt could be 
disposed of at the then unremunerative prices prevailing. 

Persons engaged. — The total number of persons engaged in the 
Alaska salmon fisheries was 11,433. Western Alaska leads in the 
total number, followed by southeast and central Alaska in the order 
named. A large number of Indians are employed in this industry. 

Persons Engaged in the Alaska Salmon Fisheries in 1909. 



Occupation and race. 


Southeast 
Alaska. 


Central 

Alaska. 


West cm 
Alaska. 


Tola!. 


Fishermen: 

Whites 


662 

982 
13 


400 
184 


1,424 
10 


2,486 




1,176 




13 


1 








Total 


1,657 


5S4 


1 , 434 


3,675 






Shoresmen: 

Whites 


442 
815 
546 
348 


277 
124 
377 
356 


1,192 

307 

1,069 

1,432 


1,911 

1,246 


Japanese 


1,992 
2,136 


Total 


2,151 


1,134 


4.0(H) 


7,285 


Transporters: 

Whites 


148 
13 


108 
17 


187 


443 




30 








Total 


161 


125 


1S7 


473 


Total: 

Whites 

Indians 


1,252 

1,810 

546 

361 


785 
325 

377 
356 


2,803 

317 

1,069 

1,432 


4. 840 

2, 452 
1,992 


Japanese 


2,149 


Grand total. . 


3,969 


1,843 


5,621 


11,433 







110 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Investments, apparatus, etc. — The total investment amounted to 
.$13,948,271. Gill nets predominate, while purse and haul seines and 
stationary traps are important. 

Investment in the Alaska Salmon Fisheries in 1909. 





Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. 


Western Alaska. 


Total. 


Items. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Num- 
ber. 


Value. 


Transporting vessels: 


69 
1,173 


$263, 256 


25 
1,482 

9 

14, 270 

4 


$213,019 


39 
3,236 

29 

38,057 

2 


$591,669 


133 
5,891 

43 

59,761 

17 

60 

1,821 

310 

43 

a 94 

6 98 

cl,209 

73 

15 


$1,067,944 




Outfit 


65,814 

158,000 


53, 255 

289,000 


147,917 
638,400 


266,986 




5 

7,434 


1,085,400 






Outfit 


15,800 

11,760 
30,000 
25,981 
38,175 
34,405 

12,451 

27, INS 

34,030 

79.700 

19,750 

523 

30 

1,788,902 


28,900 

8,400 


63,840 
4,680 


108,540 


Power hoats 

Fishing boats, power 

Fishing boats, sail and row... 
Scows and house boats 


11 

60 

766 

98 

13 

45 

98 

256 

36 

14 


24,840 
30,000 


300 
79 
15 

49 


21,215 
30,930 
29,850 

15, 280 


755 
133 
15 


164,475 
101,900 
26,300 


211,671 
171,005 
90,555 


Apparatus, shore fisheries: 


27, 731 








27, 188 


Gill nets, drift 


57 

20 

1 


11,020 
29,450 

1,500 


896 
17 


66, 706 
21,644 


111,756 


Traps, stationary 


130,794 
21,250 








523 


Spears 


20 










20 


30 




1,200,716 
890,531 




2,611,641 
1,856,775 


5,601,259 






2,223,493 


4,970,799 








Total 




4,829,258 


2,823,066 




6,295,947 




13,948,271 













a Aggregate length of 30,430 yards. 
' Aggregate length of 35,070 yards. 



c Aggregate length of 301,480 yards. 



Catch. — The total catch amounted to 175,934,060 pounds, valued 
at $1 ,333,344. Red or sockeye salmon comprise almost two-thirds 
of the total catch. As compared with 1908, the catch of all species, 
except king salmon, decreased very materially, due to causes described 
elsewhere. 



Catch, by Species and Apparatus, in the Salmon Fisheries of Alaska in 1909. 



Apparatus and 
species. 


Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. 


Western Alaska. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds, j Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


SEINES. 

Coho, or silver 

Dog, or chum 

Humpback, or pink 
King, or spring. . . 
Red, or sockeye 


991,062 

3,102,192 

22,288,020 

6. 146 

6,426,325 


$13,214 
5,817 

55,720 

193 

102. S21 


313,548 


$2,090 






1,304,610 


$15,304 
5,817 


510,196 

85,954 

10.194,165 


057 

195 

81 , 553 






22, 7! is. 216 

92,400 

16.620,490 


56, 677 
388 






184,374 








Total 


32,814.045 


177, 765 


11,103,863 










262,560 


TRArs. 

Coho, or silver 

Dog, or chum 

Humpback, or pink. 
King, or spring , . 
Red, or sockeye . . . 


673,278 

2,699,160 

14,515,760 

112,354 

5.362,896 


8,977 
5.061 

36, 289 
3,371 

71.505 


539,508 


3,597 


59,580 

811,648 

60 

68,112 

2,540,055 


$397 

1,015 

1 

155 

20,320 


1,272,366 
3,510,808 

14,530,780 
1,162,370 

18,665,726 


12,971 
6,076 


14,960 
981,904 

10.762,775 


28 
2.232 

86, 102 


36,318 

5.758 

177,927 


Total 


23,363,448 

— 


125,203 


12,299,147 


!t|.'.!5'.l 


3.479,455 


21,888 


39.142,050 


239,050 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



117 



Catch, by Species and Apparatus, in the Salmon Fisheries of Alaska in 

1909— Continued. 



Apparatus and 
species. 


Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. 


Western Alaska. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


GILL NETS. 


473.070 
72.328 

509,688 
1,510,498 
2,391,990 


$6,308 

136 

1,274 

15,315 

38,272 






428,358 
2,770,720 

127.214 
2,835,646 
75,669,360 


$6,010 

3.554 

796 

10,781 

605,355 


901,428 
2,843,048 

636,932 
4,743,442 
80,501,270 


$12,318 


Doe, or chum 

Humpback, or pink. 

King, or spring 

Red, or sockeye — 






3,690 






2.070 


397,298 

2, 439, 920 


$902 
19,519 


56,998 

663,146 


Total 


4,957,574 I 91.305 


2.837,218 


20,421 


81,831,328 


626, 496 


89, 626, 120 


738,222 


LINES. 


48,000 
2,961,332 

11,650 


lito 

88,840 

100 










48,000 

2,961,332 

11.650 


640 


King, or spring 










88,840 










400 














Total 


3,020.982 


89,880 










3.020,982 


89,880 















SPEARS. 


227,000 












227.000 


3,632 














TOTAL. 

Coho, or silver 


2, 185,410 

5,873,680 

37.313. 168 

t, 590, 630 

11,650 


29,139 
11,014 
93,283 
137,719 
216,230 
400 


853,056 


5,687 


487,938 
3,582,368 

127,304 
2, 903. 758 

7s. 209, 415 


6,407 

4,569 

707 

10,936 

625,675 


3.521'., 40) 

9.456.04S 

37,965,928 

8,959,544 

116,01 1,486 

11,650 


41,233 
15,583 


Humpback, orpink. 

King, or spring 

Red, or sockeye 


525.15(1 
1,405,156 


985 
3,329 

1ST. 174 


95,065 

151.984 

1,029,079 

400 














Grand total. . 


64,383,049 


487,785 


26,240,228 


197,175 


85,310.783 


648.384 


175,934,060 


1,333,344 



Products canned. — The total canned pack amounted to 2,403,669 
pound and half-pound cases, valued at $9,438,152. More than two- 
thirds of the pack was composed of red salmon. Three canneries were 
not operated, which very materially reduced the size of the pack. 

Output of Salmon from the Canneries in Alaska in 1909, by Speciks and Size 

of Cans." 



Products. 


Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. Western Alaska. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Coho, or silvpr: 

1-pound flat 

1-pound tall 


1,206 

;in. 71 4 


$5,543 
155,431 










1,206 
55 , 350 


$5,543 


10.275 


$43, 155 


6,361 


$26,900 


22.".. 186 


Total 


30.020 


160.074 


10.275 


43,155 


6.361 


2''.. 000 


56,556 


231.029 


Dog, or chum: 

1-pound tall 


83 001 


ISO 154 






37,711 


87,656 


120.712 


274.110 










Humpback, or pink: 
1-pound tall 


455. 000 


1,092,389 


5,581 


13.394 


3,293 


9,056 


464,873 


1,114.839 


King, or spring: 

1-pound tall 


857 


3.. 50S 


16.913 


74,418 


30,264 


129, 60S 


48.034 


207. 624 


Red, or sockeye: 

1-pound flat 

1-pound tall 


14.898 

Ml.. '00 

185, 144 


5S.535 
20 1.962 
825,926 






1 . 487 

2,057 

1,071,123 


5,353 

11,108 

(,858,756 


16,385 

85,193 

1,611,916 


63, 888 


2. 0.HC. 
355.349 


15,539 
1,625,371 


236,609 

7.310,053 


Total 


280.542 


1.094,423 358,285 


1,640,910 


1,074. (167 


4,875.217 


1,713,404 


7,610.550 






Grand total 


860,319 


2,537,838 


391,054 


1,771,877 


1,152,296 


5,128,437 


2,403.669 


9, 438, 152 



a All 1-pound cases contain forty-eight 1-pound cans; the 4-pound cases contain forty-eight 4-pound 
cans. Reduced to a common basis'of cases containing forty-eight 1-pound cans the pack is 2,395,47,^ cases. 



118 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Miscellaneous products. — The total miscellaneous products pre- 
pared amounted to 9,473,005 pounds, valued at $374,324. Owing to 
the low prices prevailing for pickled salmon, the pack of such very 
materially declined. Restrictive regulations in regard to the pickling 
of salmon bellies also aided in reducing the pack. The mild-cured 
pack shows a gratifying increase over 1908. 

Miscellaneous Secondary Salmon Products Prepared in Alaska in 1909. 



Products. 


Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. 


Western Alaska. 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Frozen: 


35,721 

77,882 
9,450 


11,072 

1,558 

473 










35,721 

77,882 
9,450 


$1,072 












1,558 












473 














Total 


123,053 


3,103 










123,053 


3,103 














Mild-cured: 


1,833,600 


149,300 










1,833,600 


149,300 












Pickled: 


40,400 


1,405 


17,800 
227,750 


$810 
3,843 


5,400 


$270 


63,600 

227,750 

7,000 

311,400 

11,200 

169,480 

88,200 

7,000 

5,301,500 

783,600 


2,485 




3,843 




3,000 
311,400 
11,2110 
123, -ISO 
6,200 
7,000 


90 
9,405 
224 
6,896 
248 
175 


4,000 


100 


190 








9,405 


Humpback bac ks 

Humpback bellies 










224 


40,000 


500 






7,396 


82,000 


3,550 


3,798 








175 




437,. S00 
783,600 


17,319 

13, i«l2 


4,863,700 


149,979 


167,298 








13,902 














Total 


502,080 


18,443 


1,512,950 


36,374 


4, 9.55, 100 


153,899 


0,070.730 


208,716 






Dry-salted and dried: 






14,500 


549 






14,500 
71,600 
51,500 
800 
83,000 


549 


Dog 


71,000 

50,000 

800 


1,038 

500 

45 






1,038 


Humpback backs 


1,500 


45 






545 






45 




83,000 


2,302 






2,302 














Total 


122,400 1,583 


99,000 2.896 






221,400 


4,479 















Smoked: 






4,000 


400 






4,-000 

585 

40,300 


400 


Dog 


585 


43 






43 




28,300 


1,580 


12,000 


1,200 


2,780 










Total 


585 


43 


32, 300 


1,9S0 


12,000 


1,200 


44,885 


3,223 










159,224 
120,113 


2,287 
3,216 










159,224 
a 120, 113 


2,287 


Oil. 










3,216 


















177,975 


1,644,250 

i 


41,250 


1,907,10(1 


155,000 


9,473,005 


374,324 



a Represents 16,015 gallons. 



As the fisheries of Alaska are carried on almost wholly in innumer- 
able bays, straits, and sounds, but little being done in the rivers, it 
does not seem desirable to show them by waters, owing to the amount 
of space required for the tables. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



119 



BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

The canned salmon pack of British Columbia was the only branch 
of the salmon industry of the Province which could be shown by 
species. Owing to the quadrennially heavy run occurring in the 
Fraser River in 1909, the pack of British Columbia is quite large. 
The pack is shown by water areas. 

Pack of Canned Salmon in British Columbia, Canada, in 1909. 



• 


Fras<T River. 


Skeena River. 


Rivers 


Inlet. 


Nass River. 


Species. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases, 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Colio, or silver: 

J-pound flat 


710 
5, 735 
15,459 


$1,988 
27,528 
64,928 


1,158 


$3,242 


264 

176 
1,092 


$739 

845 

4,586 












11,671 


49,(134 


6,818 


$28, 030 






Total 


21,904 


94,444 


12,829 


52,276 


1,532 


6,170 


6,818 


28, 636 


Dogs, or chains: 


725 


1,740 


12,000 


28,800 




















Humpback, or pink: 


227 
1,053 


624 
2,527 


40 
16,080 


110 
38,640 
















3,589 


8,614 










Total 


1,280 


3,151 


16,120 


38, 750 






3,589 


8,614 










King, or spring: 










304 
47 


1,216 
282 


56 


224 




1,167 
176 

173 


516 




















12,025 

444 


64,935 
2,886 


388 


1,095 


2,309 


12,469 




















Total 


1,516 


8,482 


12,469 


67,821 


739 


2, 593 




12,693 






Sockeye, or red: 


309, 634 
243,697 


1,238,536 
1,462,182 


72,838 
19,789 
2,600 

30,393 


291,352 

lis, 734 

8,580 

164,122 


51,520 
28,750 
10,280 

29.377 


206,080 
172,500 
33,924 


11,162 

2,070 


44,648 




12, 420 










126,597 


:,:,- i .A 
7.">, (113 


20, 189 


100 081 
















406 


2,639 




8,312 
705 890 


49,872 


























Total 


3,509,227 


125,620 


582,788 


119,927 


571,140 


33,827 


168, 728 










731,315 


3 617 'ill 


181,038 


770,435 


122, 198 


579,903 


16, ' i 


218,671 







120 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Pack of Canned Salmon in British Columbia, Canada, in 1909 — Continued. 



Species. 


Northern miscel- 
laneous waters. 


Vancouver Island. 


Total. 




Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Coho, or silver: 










2, 132 
5,911 
61,520 


$5,969 
28, 373 












13,071 


$54,898 


13,4(19 


$56,318 


258,400 






Total 


13,071 


54,898 


13,409 


56,318 


69, 563 


292,742 






Dogs, or chums: 


1,568 


3,763 


2,280 


5,472 


16,573 


39, 775 






Humpback, or pink: 






2,000 
4,000 


5,500 
9,600 


2,267 
27,722 


6,234 




3,000 


7,200 


66,581 






Total 


3,000 


7,200 


4,000 


15, 100 


29,989 


72,815 






King, or spring: 








360 

1,214 

176 

17,613 

444 


1,440 










7,314 










516 




2,218 


11,977 


500 


2,700 


fc 94,110 




2,886 














Total 


2,218 


11,977 


500 


2,700 


19,807 


106,266 






Sockeye, or red: 


18,806 


75, 224 


19,800 
20, 400 


79.200 

122,400 


483,760 

314, 706 

12,880 

277, S93 

17,650 

406 

8,312 


1,935,040 




1,888,236 








42,504 




29,694 


i 60, 348 


41,643 


224,872 


1,500,623 




7."., 013 










2,639 










49,872 














Total 


48,500 


235,572 


81,843 


426, 472 


1,115,607 


5,493,927 




68,357 


313,410 


102,032 


506,062 


a 1,251,539 


6,005,525 







a All poimd cases contain forty-eight 1-pound cans; the J-pound cases contain forty-eight J-pound cans. 
Reduced to a common basis of eases containing forty-eight 1-pound cans the pack is 993,060 cases. 



VIII. STATISTICAL DATA FOR OTHER YEARS. 

CANNING INDUSTRY OF PACIFIC COAST FROM 1864 TO 1910. 

From the beginning of the canning of salmon on this coast it has 
been the most important branch of the industry, and the table below 
shows in condensed form the number of cases packed in each year on 
the Pacific coast of North America from the beginning of the industry 
in 1864 to 1910. 

As British Columbia is a Province of the Dominion of Canada it 
does not come strictly within the scope of this report, but in order to 
show the pack of canned salmon on the North American shores of the 
Pacific Ocean, which would be incomplete without that of the 
Province, it has been included also. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast, by Years and Waters. 



Year. 


Puget 

Sound. 


Grays 

Harbor. 


Willapa 

Harbor. 


Columbia 
River. 


Coastal 

streams 
of Oregon. 


Smith 
River, Cal. 


1866 


( 'ases. 


( 'ases. 


( ases. 


Cases. 
4,000 
18,000 
28,000 

100.000 

150,000 

200.000 
2511. 1100 
250,000 

.",.511,000 
375,000 
450, 000 
380,000 

10(1. 000 
ISO. 000 

530, 000 
.5.50, 000 
541,300 
629,400 
620,000 
553,800 
448,500 
3.50,000 
372,477 
309,885 
435. 774 
398,953 
487,338 
415,876 

190.100 

634,696 
481,697 
552,721 
487,944 
332, 774 
358,772 
390.1s:; 
317,143 
3.39. 577 
395, mi 
397.27:'. 
391.S9S 
324,171 
2.-.::. 3ii 
274,087 
391.41.5 


Cast s. 


( 'ases. 


1S07. 










1868. . . 










1869 












1870. . . 












1871.. 












1872... 












1873 












1874 












1875... 












1876 












1N77. . 


5,500 
238 
1,300 
5, 100 
8,500 
7,901) 
1,500 
5,500 

12,000 
17,000 
•_'.'. 000 
21 , 97.5 
11,674 
8,000 
20,529 
20,426 
89,774 
95, 400 
179,908 
L95, 664 
494,026 
100,200 

919,611 

109. 150 
1,380,590 
581,659 
478, 4ss 
291, 188 
1,018,641 
430,602 

COS, (ISO 

448, 765 

1,632,949 

567,883 






7,804 
16,634 

8,571 
7 772 
12! 320 
19, ISO 
16, 156 
12,376 
9,310 
49, 147 
73, 996 
92,863 
98,. SOO 
17.009 
24,500 
S3. 00(1 
.52, 77S 
54,815 
77.878 
87,360 
60,158 
7.5.079 
82,041 
12,2.17 
58,618 
44,236 
54.S61 
98. 874 
89,055 

107, 332 
79,712 
52, 47S 
.58, 109 

103,617 




1878.... 


5, 120 




4.277 


1S79 






1880 






7,500 


1881 








1882 








1883 








1SS| 
















L886 








1SS7. 








ISSN 


37,000 


22.. 51 HI 


2,347 


1889 




1890 








1891 


.500 

1(5, 500 
22,000 
21,400 
11,449 
21,274 
13, 300 
12, LOO 
24.210 

30. SOO 

41,500 
31,500 

"27.559 

22.0.50 
22.0011 
14,000 
11.000 
19.7S7 
51,1.30 


8,000 
14,500 
16. 19.5 
1.5,100 
22,000 
24,941 
29,600 
21,420 
21,314 
26,300 
34,000 
39, 492 

5,890 
20.400 
14,950 
14, 440 
13,382 
20,457 
12.024 
14,508 




L892. 




1893 


1.500 


1894 


1.500 


189S 

L896 


2,250 


1S97 




IS! IS 




| V!9 




19(111 




1901 




1902 




I'.m:: 




1901 




1905 




1906 




1907 




1908 




1909. 




1910 








Total 


10,548,380 


459,509 


418,013 


16, 960, 199 


1,829,942 


19, 374 







121 



122 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on the Pacific Coast, by Years and Waters — Con 



Year. 


Klamath 
River, Cal. 


Eel River, 
Cal. 


Sacramento 
River. 


Alaska. 


British 
Columbia. 


Total. 


1864 


( 'ases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 
2,000 
2,000 


i 'ases. 


Cases. 


Cases.a 
2,000 


1805 










2,000 
4,000 


1800. 










1807. 












18,000 
2S.000 


1808. 












1809. 












100, 000 


1870. 












150, 000 


1871 












200,000 


1872 












250, 000 
250, 000 
352, 500 
378, 000 
467 247 


1873 












1S74 






2,500 
3,000 
10,000 
21,500 
34,017 
13,855 
62,000 
181,200 
200, 000 
123,000 
81,450 
90,000 
39,300 
30, 500 
US. 1)7.". 
57.300 
25, 065 
10, 353 
2, 2S1 
23,336 
28,463 
25,185 
13,387 
38, 543 
29, 731 
32,580 
39. 304 
17,500 
14,043 
8,200 
14, 407 
2,780 






1875 










1870. 








7,247 
:,s.;;s7 
89,946 
01,093 
61,849 
109, 570 
240, 401 
163,438 
123, 700 
108,517 
152,964 
2oi.os:; 
184,040 
417.211 
411,257 
314,511 
248, 721 
010, 202 
492,232 
587,692 
617, 782 
1,027,183 
492, 551 
765,519 
600, 540 
1,247,212 
027, 161 
473.. S47 
465,894 
1,167,822 
629,460 
547. 459 
566,303 
993. 000 
760,830 


1S77 




8,500 
10, 500 




481 691 


1878. 




s. 159 

12.530 

0,539 

8,977 

21,745 

18,337 

04,880 

83,415 

142,005 

206,677 

412,115 

719,196 

682,59] 

SOI, 401) 

474,717 

643,654 

686,440 

626,530 

900, 707 

909, 07S 

965,097 

1,078,146 

1,548,139 

2,016,804 

2,536,824 

2,240,210 

1,953,756 

1.894,516 

2,219,044 

2,169,873 

2,606,973 

2,395, 177 

2,413,054 


029 191 


1879... 




577 349 


INS!) 




6, 250 


087, 010 


1881 . 




930, 573 
1,030 592 


L882. 






1883 






981 831 


1884 






907, 918 


1885 






857, 042 
848, 976 


1886 






1887 






899 256 


1888. 


4.400 




1.217 7Q' 1 


1889 




1,614 066 








1.609 690 




1891 






1,578 746 


1892 






1,354 0S3 


1893... 


1,600 

1,700 

1,000 




1,876,915 

1.SS7 150 


1894 




1895... 




2, 109 848 


1896 




2,408 812 


1S97 






3, 124 609 


1898 






2,484 722 


1899 


1,600 




3.257 S25 


1900 




3,091 542 


1901 






5, ISO 407 


1902 


2, 500 




4,194 558 


1903 




3,007 073 


1904 


3,400 




3, 270, 882 
4,007 0S7 


1905 




1900 






3,817,776 
3,52'' 506 


1907 








1908 








3,902,317 


1909 


5.633 
8,016 






5,393 070 


1910. . . . 


6,000 




4,316,453 






Total 


30,449 


31,250 


1.352.S55 


33, 569, 671 


15, 695, 756 


' 80,593,711 





a Reduced to a common basis of forty-eight 1-pound cans to Ihe ease. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



123 



CANNING INDUSTRY, BY SPECIES AND WATERS. 

The tables below show separately, by waters and as far as possible 
by species, the salmon canned on the Pacific coast from the beginning 
of the industry until 1910. It is only within recent years that the 
published statistics have shown the pack of the different species sep- 
arately. In the early years of canning, the chinook, or quinnat, 
salmon was used exclusively, the other species not being utilized until 
the chinook had begun to decrease in abundance, or a demand had 
arisen for a cheaper product. There is a very great difference in the 
selling value of the highest and lowest grades, and it is necessaiy to 
have complete statistical data now in order intelligently to compre- 
hend the trend of the industry. While every effort has been made 
to make these tables complete, there are, unfortunately, some gaps 
which it was found impossible to fill. 

Pack of Canned Salmon <>n Puget Sound from 1877 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Bluebacl . 


Silver. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1877 


1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

1 








5.(«li) 

238 

1,300 




1878 .. 










1879. .. 








1880 








1881 










1882 












1883 












1884 












Inn;, 












1886 














1887 














1888 


4 
2 

1 
2 
2 
3 
3 

11 
12 
18 
19 
19 












1889. .. 


240 

1.000 

382 

86 

1,200 


5,000 

2,101 

473 

6, 180 




7,480 

3.i)(li) 

5,869 

7,206 

11,812 

22,418 

50,865 

82.640 

91,900 

98,600 

111,387 

12S, 200 


37,400 


1890 




15,000 


1891 

1892 


5,538 
2,954 

47, 852 
41,781 

6.-,, 143 
72,979 
312,048 
252,000 
499, 646 
229,800 


824,921 

11, sir, 

103,371 

188,014 

273, 108 

350, 299 

1,248,192 

1,058,400 

2,368,334 

1,1 19,000 


19,368 

2-1.500 


1893 

1894 . . 


59,060 

89,672 


1895 


1,542 
13,495 

9,500 
11,200 
24,364 
22,350 


7.: 125 
67,475 
39,045 
50, 621 
103,180 
134,100 


154, 218 


1896 


264, US 


1897 

1898 


282, 133 
335, 240 


1899 


418, 176 


1900 


512,800 


1901 . . 




1902 

1903 


21 

22 
13 
24 
16 
14 
11 
24 
15 


30, (149 
14,500 
14.441 
1,804 
8,139 
1.814 
95,210 
13,019 
10,064 


150,245 
72,500 
69,352 

9,922 
48,834 
16,326 
666,4?0 
72, 604 
60,324 


372, 301 
167.211 
109,264 
825, 453 
178, 74S 
93, 122 
170,951 
1,097,904 
248,014 


2,047.655 
1,003,260 

653,871 
4,952,718 
1,251,236 

698, 116 
1,196,657 
6,183,300 
1,673,095 


St 81 7 

103,150 
118,127 
79,335 
94, 497 
119,472 
128,922 
143,133 
162,755 


429, 085 
413,800 


1904 


447. 851 


1905 . . . 


337.174 


1906 


472, 485 


1907 . . . 


4 7 6, 288 


1908 


644,922 


1909 


630, 446 


1910 


895, 153 







124 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Puget Sound from 1877 to 1910 — Continued. 



Year. 



1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
1883. 
1SS4. 
1885. 
1886. 
1887. 
1888. 
I SMI. 
IS'. 10. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
IS! 17. 
lS'.IS. 
is; HI. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1900. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 



Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 



Dog. 



Cases. 



1.145 
4.000 
3,093 
16,180 
11,380 
22,152 
38,785 
20,550 
23,310 
38,400 
31,481 
89, 100 



93, 492 
12,001 
49.050 
41,057 

149,218 
50,249 
47,607 
53,688 

146,942 



Humpback. 



Cases. 



500 



83, 135 

12.11111) 

10,825 
56,630 
:>! . 21)5 
60,918 
94,741 
73,013 
64,103 

105,600 
86,427 

245,025 



467,460 

30, 002 
124,254 
102, (343 
708, 7S1 
150, 847 
142,821 
128,910 
514,297 



17,530 
9,049 
23.033 



57,268 

'252,733 



Value. 



181,320 



70. 992 



433, 423 

0.1175 

370,993 

10S 



87,584 



15,246 



47. :m 

24,432 

02, 550 



171,804 

'734,241 



407 984 



212,970 



1,300.209 

18,225 

902, 342 

388 



Total. 



Cases. 



1, 

5, 

8, 

7, 

1, 

5, 

12, 

17, 

22, 

21, 

11, 

8, 

20, 

26, 

89, 

95, 

179, 

195. 

494. 

400, 

919, 

409. 

1,380, 

5S 1. 

47S, 

291, 

1,018, 

430, 

698, 

448, 

1,032, 

567, 



Value. 



$5,090 



120,356 

49.019 

32,000 

72, 401 

93,419 

217,537 

303,036 

591,948 

755,235 

1,805,277 

1 . 549, S04 

3,710,358 

1,940,925 



3,094,445 
1,927,540 
1,295,328 
5,615,433 
2,481,336 
2,642,146 
2,669,095 
7,917,608 
3,143,256 



Pack of Canned Salmon on Grays Harbor from 1878 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Dog or chum. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1878 


1 

1 














5,420 


$29, 268 


1879 














1880 


















1881 


















1882 


















1883 


















1884 


















1885 


















1880 


















1887 


















1888 


4 














37,000 


$212, 750 


1889 
















1S90 


















1891 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 
2 






500 
9.000 
12,000 
4,100 
8,870 
9,278 
8,300 
4.800 
15,740 
12,900 


SI, 500 

30, 780 
48, 000 
10, 400 
28, 403 
29.689 
23,481 
16,320 
59,025 
51,600 






500 
16, 500 


1 , 500 


1892 


4,500 
4,500 

12,300 
56 

7,816 
3,100 
5,100 

5. Ill 10 
0,700 


815,390 
22, 500 
01,500 
202 
30, 806 
11,741 
23,052 
21,250 
33,500 


3,000 
5.500 
5,000 
2,517 
4,180 
1,900 
2,200 
3,500 
11,200 


$9, 415 


55, 585 
85, 350 


1S93 


14,850 

13,500 
6,922 

11,495 
5,000 
0, 050 
8,750 

30,800 


22, 000 
21,400 
11,449 
21,274 
13,300 
12, 100 
24,240 
30, 800 
41,500 
31,500 


1894 


91,400 


1895 


35, 527 
57, 990 


1890 


1S!)7 


40, 222 


1898 


45, 422 


1899 


89.025 


1900. .. 


115,900 


1901 




1902 


1 


4,000 


20,000 


10, 000 


45,000 


17, 500 


70,000 


135,000 






1904 


2 


4.339 


20.103 
9,225 

10, 000 
7.000 
7,000 

20,819 

90,718 


14,904 

13,000 
11.500 
9,500 
9,500 
9,019 
21,768 


51,854 
52,000 
43,900 
47, 500 
47,500 
38,146 
108,840 


8,310 

7.000 

8,000 

:-!.: 

3,500 
5, 047 
13,867 


21,022 
18, 200 
21,500 
11,500 
11,500 
LI, 608 
48, 534 


27,559 
22,050 
22, 000 
14. 000 
14,000 
a 19. 787 
6 51 ,'130 


93, 039 


1905 


2 2,050 
2 2. 500 


79,425 


l!l(ll> 


75,400 


1907 


1 

1 
1 
3 


1,000 

1,000 

5,721 

15, 495 


06, 000 


1908. .. 


66, 000 


1909 . . . 


70, 573 


1910. .. 


248, 092 







« Also 1,049 cases, valued at $9,051, with sockeyes brought from Puget Sound. 
b Also 4,350 cases of " Quiniault, " or sockeye salmon. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 125 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Willapa Harbor from 1887 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
bpr of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook or Black. 


Silver. 


Dog. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1887 


4 
3 


















L888 














22,500 




1889 
















1890 




















1891 


1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
2 
3 
3 






S.000 

9,000 
7,895 

5.00(1 
13.047 
11,940 
14,600 

9,809 
10, 675 
12,400 


824,000 
30,780 
31,580 
22,400 
41,150 
38.208 
44.822 
33,351 
10,031 
19,600 






8,000 
14,500 
16, 195 
15,100 
22,600 
24,941 
29,600 
21.42(1 
21,314 
26,300 

34,1 

30,-102 

5,890 

20, 40(1 
14,950 
11,440 
13,382 
20. 457 
12,024 
14, 508 


21,000 


1892 


3,000 
1,700 

2.70(1 
4, 636 
4,551 
8, 100 
5,865 
5,650 
6, 700 


$10,260 
9, 180 
1 1,580 
23, 180 
22, 755 
33,291 
26,510 
25, 425 
33,500 


2,500 
6,600 

0,800 
4,917 
8,450 
6,900 
5,746 
4,989 
7. 2(H) 


ST. 7 15 
18,150 
18.700 
13.222 
21 , 23 S 
18,975 
15,802 
13.720 
19,800 


18,785 


1893 


58,910 


1894 


55,680 


1895 


77, 552 


1896 


82,201 


1897 


07. OSS 


1898 


75,663 


1899 


70. 170 


1900 


102, 000 


1901 




1902 


2 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 


5 836 

2.300 
3, 0(10 
4,650 
4,000 
3,530 
4.017 
1, 155 
2, 923 


29. ISO 
13,800 
12,000 
20.925 
16,000 
15,354 
20,585 
5,869 
15, 077 


9.128 
2,390 
7,400 
4,300 
5, 340 
9.228 
5,923 
4,822 
5,096 


41.076 
10,755 
28, 440 
17, 200 
21,300 
36,682 
23,692 
17,359 
25,480 


24,528 
1,200 

16.000 

0.000 

5,100 

624 

10.517 
5,747 
3.489 


97, 112 

3. 300 

38,700 

15.000 
13,260 

2.4(10 

36,809 

13.103 
22,711 


167,368 


1903 


27,855 


1904 


70. 110 


1905 


53, 125 


1906 

1907 


50.020 
54,532 


1908 


81,086 


1909. .. 


36,391 
63,268 


1910 







126 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



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SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



127 



2,237,571 
2.149,062 
1.763,490 
1,380,708 
1,76(1.088 
2,544,198 


ci 
c-f 

Ci 

■*" 

Oi 


397,273 
394,898 

324.171 

253.341 

6274,087 

391,415 


Ci 

Ci 

o" 
o 

Oi 
CD 


oo 

ii o 

ci" of 

06 




CDM 

35 C 

r--cM 

oTi-i" 
CiCO 






9,822 
6, 500 
5,921 

10,726 
17,382 
5,436 






o o 

CM IC3 

iocs 

CD CO 




c-i 






25,751 

27,802 
22.5.0H 
16,884 
24,542 
66,538 






O CO 
— CI 




ooo 
r- 2 

cr cc 

ion 
:/: _: 






26, 826 
41.446 
31,757 
31,432 
42, 178 
6n. 922 






CD~-r 




'-£ ? 

^ CO 






QOOifliGif 

cr .- — y_ c re 

l^r-TiO C*C r- CD* 

CM 

a 






CO o • 

o o • 

CTOO . 

Ci 00 - 


OS 
-r M 
II5H 

CO CM 
C X 
C10C 






327,106 
311,334 

258,433 
210,096 

162.131 
244.285 






Ci Ci Ci 1* lo lo 






• O CO l~ 


r. 


Ci O 

Ci Ci 


e 

F- 








*| 



CM_ 



OS 

-G 



101379°— 11- 



128 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on the Nehalem River, Oreg., from INK? to IDIO. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Dog. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value, 


1887 


1 














5,000 


5530, 000 


18S8. . . 














1889 














0,000 
9,000 
3,500 

10,000 
0, 723 
6, 493 
6, 904 
8,046 

11,750 
9,508 

10.077 


32,000 


1890 












45, 500 


1891 . . 
















1 4, 000 


1892 . . 






10, 000 
5,031 
1,866 
5. 152 

5,218 
8,366 
5,700 
7,405 


S 10. Hill) 

20, 124 
19, 464 
16,486 
15,054 
25.09S 
19, 3S0 
26,658 






40, 000 


1893 . 


1,692 
1.627 
1,752 
2,828 
3,384 
3,808 
1 . 384 


$6, 70S 
6, 508 
7,008 
8, 484 

10, 152 
9,891 
5,536 






26, 892 


1894. . . 






25,972 


1895 






23, 494 


1896 







24, 138 


1897 






35, 250 


ISMS 






29,271 


1S99 


1.2SS 


$3,864 


36, 058 


1900 








1901 


268 

271 

686 

500 

2,700 

3,987 

4,000 

5,000 

1 , 985 

3,500 


1,139 
1,431 
3,670 

'J,50ll 
M, 200 
23,922 


3,273 
3,109 
4,615 
5,000 
2,900 
4,976 
0,000 
6, 100 
4,554 
5,400 


13,092 
13,468 
19,614 

■jo, 000 
12,325 
1 1,928 


2,669 

2, 570 


7,200 
10,280 


6,210 
6, 010 
5,301 
11,500 
11,000 
11,020 
12, 600 


21,437 


1902 


25, 179 


1903 . 




1904 


I. 000 

2,(0:7 
2,000 


12.000 
15,000 
5,143 


34,500 


1905 


43,525 


1906 




42,993 


1907 




1908 






2,011', 

009 

1 . 500 




1909 


10.542 


20,253 


2, 091 


10, 400 


32, 886 


1910... 













Pack of Canned Salmon on Tillamook Bay, Oreg., from 1886 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Dog. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 




Value. 


Cases. 


\ alue. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1880 


2 
2 
2 














37,000 
21,000 
14,633 

9,600 

14,009 




L887 














$115,500 


L888 














84,140 


1889 












52,250 


1890 










79,049 


L891 - 
















1892 






IS, 000 
4,000 
7,763 
0.514 
4,860 
9,000 

10,342 
3,889 


$72,000 

10,, 000 
31,052 
20,845 

14,580 
27,000 
35,102 






18,000 
11,416 

0,103 
13,515 

7,000 
11,000 
15,342 
11,190 


72 000 


1893 


497 
700 


$1 , 988 
2,800 


0.919 

700 

7,001 


.$17,297 

1,750 

19, 253 


35,285 

35, 602 
40,098 
21, ISO 








' 01 
2,000 

5.01)0 
2. ISO 


6 , 00 
6,000 
13,000 
8,720 


1897 






33,000 
48,162 
38,119 








1! 99 . , 

1900 


! 1,036 


5,121 


15, 363 


1901 


SIS 

215 


4,240 
1,135 


2,133 
2,287 
2J727 
4,400 
1,700 
2,304 
3,410 
0,000 
5.029 
1 


) 58 ■ 90! 

9,720 4,093 
11,500 2,020 
17,600 0,500 

7,050 8,800 

7 092 


10, 728 
10,372 
10,480 
13,000 
22,000 
3, 175 


6,882 
6,595 
5,347 
10,900 
11,600 
5,504 
7,724 




1902 






22 070 


1904 






30, 600 
36,250 


1905 

1 906 


1,100 
1.S70 
2,000 
2,300 
2,615 
2,900 


1 .,mi 
11,220 


1907 




2,314 
4,000 
3,712 

2.000 




1908 . 










1909 

1910 


15,663 


(1,809 


8,53S 


1 1 , 350 
9,400 


40,010 













SALMON FISHEKIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 129 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Nestucca River, Oreg., prom L887 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Dog. 


Total. 




Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Value. 




Value. 




1 
1 


1 






4,300 
5,000 
6,700 


823,650 


ISSS 








28,750 










36,850 










1891 1 








































:::::::::: 



















































1S9S 
















1899 


1 

1 
1 


1,109 


$4, 430 




$10,922 


513 


$1,539 


4,656 


16,897 


1 'too 




1901 


279 


1,116 




L3, 323 


391 




4,228 


15, 528 


























1904 


















1905 


1 
1 
1 
1 


3,000 
2 622 
2, 100 
2,000 


IS. coo 
l.-», 7.12 


1,000 
2. 468 
3,540 

3,000 


4. 250 

7,404 


400 
165 
1 50 

100 


1,000 
413 


4,400 
5, 255 
5,790 


23,250 


1905 


23,549 


1907 




190S 






















1910 


1 


2,000 




3,300 


! 




5,440 

















Pack of Canned Salmon on Siletz River. Oreg., from 1896 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 

can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Dog. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1896 


1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 


2, 500 
3,510 
3,200 

2,200 


$7,500 1.900 


$5, 700 
15,045 
14,722 
8,696 






4,400 
8,525 
7,530 
4,719 


$13,200 


1897 


10,530 
8,360 
9,900 


5,015 

4, 330 
2,319 






25, 575 


1898 






23,082 


1899 


200 


$550 


19, 146 


1900 . 




L901 


876 
600 


4,380 

3.1 OS 


3,740 
1,917 


16,830 

S. 1 47 


360 
500 


1,260 

2,000 


4,976 
3,017 


22, 470 


1902 


13,315 


1903 






1904 


1 

1 
1 
1 
1 


1,000 
1,500 
2,635 

2,333 
2,100 


9,000 
15,810 


3,300 

1,700 
3,192 
4,300 

4,7.)!) 


13,200 
7,225 

9,570 


1,000 

900 

107 
200 
300 


•J, 0110 

2,250 
418 


5,300 
4,100 
5,994 
6,833 

7,100 


20, 200 


190 , 


18,475 


190 


25, 804 


11107 




1908 








1909... 








1910... 


"l 


2,200 




... 
4,600 




27.0 




7,07,1) 











130 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Yaquina Bay and River, Oreo., prom 1887 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook, 


Silver. Dog. 


Total. 




Value. Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1887 














1888.... 


3 










5,088 
5,000 




1889 












27, 500 


1890 












1891 1 
















1892 


















1893 


















1894 


















1895 


















1896 .- 1 


1,714 


85, i 12 


615 


81,845 






2, 329 


6,987 


1897 






1898 




170 
316 


412 
1,422 


3,234 


5, 202 
12. 127 




1 . 700 


5. 644 


1 


1,300 


83,575 


4. 850 


17.124 


1900 






1901 


96 


ISO 




12,816 


549 


1,647 3 m 


14,943 


1902 












2,050 

1.000 

1,139 
2,669 


5, 262 
8,840 
8,613 

9. 300 


450 
62 
60 

I'.i 


787 

1,080 

1 55 

150 


1,553 
3, 100 
2.312 

l 
! ! 

1.172 


0,049 


1904 


50 
200 
500 
83 ! 


200 
3,000 


10. 120 


1906 


9,968 
12.450 


1007 




1908 








1909 






1,556 
13, 345 


33 


76 


4.032 


1910 








2,669 


13, 345 















Pack op Canned Salmon on Alsba River and Bay, Oreg., from 1886 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Dog. 


Total. 






Case . 


Value. 




Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1886.... 1 


















1887 2 


::::::: 








11, ISO 
10, 000 


$64,285 


1888 ' 3 












.",."..315 


L889 














55,000 


1890 












1891 


1 
















1892 






3,600 
3,240 
4, 160 
3,280 

3, 100 
3,200 

2. 170 

5.010 


12,000 
10.040 
1 1 . so.s 
10, 200 
600 
7, 378 
19, 038 




1 
4,500 
4,600 
4,980 

0,000 
5.1100 
0. 100 
7, 100 


1 I. too 





1.200 
440 
1.7O0 
3,500 
1,800 
4,206 
2,150 


2,200 

6, 375 
10.500 

5 100 
11,170 

9. 138 




10.200 


ISO! 






18,840 


ISO.") 






18, 1S3 


1896 






20, 700 


1S07 






15.000 


1898 






IS..", IS 


1899 






28, 170 


1900 








1901 


695 

701 
1,0.31 

1,000 

2,500 

3, 702 

800 

1.200 

1. L19 

2.500 


3,475 
3,702 
5, 516 

5,000 
15,000 

22, 212 


4.020 

4,530 
4,242 
6,500 
1,800 
3,843 
5.100 
6,000 
5, 4S0 
5,900 


IS, 790 
19,253 
18.029 
26,000 

o 

11,529 


891 
670 

44 
300 
700 


2,680 
88 

000 
1,750 


6,215 

5.001 

5,317 
7,800 
5,000 
7,545 
6, 250 
7 600 
6,685 



2, 83 


1902 


5 


L903 


23,633 


L904 


31,600 


1905 


24, 400 

: : .. 741 


1906 


1907 ... 


350 

400 
SO 
100 






1908 








1909 


6,714 


.) 027 


134 


9 i 


1910 









SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 131 

Pack of Canned Salmon on the Siuslaw River, Oreg., prom 1878 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
ea i 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 




Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Case; . 


Value. 


1 


Value. 




Value. 


1878 


2 
















1879 
















1880 














1881 










1882 










L883 - . . 






1 1 






1 88 ' 










1.SS.5 










1886 










1887 








1888 


1 
1 






12 000 


68, 770 









tit;, ooo 


1890... 








1891 - . 


2 

2 
2 
2 

'.' 
1 
1 
1 
1 
•_> 

I 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
2 
2 














; ! 1 -./ 
10, 165 
9.000 

10,000 


17,: 20 



35,2; 1 


18,000 
13,301 
16,858 
12.102 
11,700 

5,000 
10,850 

8,600 


I 


1893 


1,471 
1.871 
1,637 
2,700 
L, 100 
850 


s. 100 
2,210 




L894. 


69,303 
41, U3 


1896 


27, 000 
11,700 
34,000 
26,363 




35, LOO 


1897 




15.000 






36.210 


L899 

1900 


1 is 


31. 3.51 i 


1901 


1 . 288 
1,519 


8,675 
6. SCO 

2,500 


1,320 
6,842 
6.500 


29,079 
26,000 




9.22:; 
5,608 
8,361 

7.0110 










1903 




37,206 


1901 




28,500 


1905 




1906 


1,500 


27,000 


1.5.77:! 
8,600 
7,436 

12,800 


45,000 


00 3,750 


21.000 
1.5,77:', 
S.I ',00 

8,068 
22, L58 


7.5, 7.50 


1907 




1908 












1909 


632 
B56 




32,956 




l6 '"& 


1910 



















Pack op Canned Salmon on thi Cmpqi \ River, Oreo., prom L878 to 1910. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber ol 
can- 
nerii s. 


Chinook. Silver. 


Dog Total. 




Value. ( i i 




Cases. 


Value. 


1878 • 


_> 








8, LOO 




1879 








1880 












ISM 














1882 














1883 














1884 


1 
1 












1885. 
























1 $87 


1 








12.000 




1 ... 1 











51,750 


1889 1 










oo.ooo 


L890 














1891 1 
















1892 1 






lo.ooo 

3.201 
6,875 

; 

8,000 


12,816 
24,000 






10.000 

4,013 
7.110 
8.689 
9,300 


40,000 


1893 1 


809 

235 

992 

1,300 


$4,045 
1 . I 75 
3, 720 






10,861 


1894 






2S.67.5 


1895.. . 


1 






32,583 




1 






27,000 




1897 









1898 


















1899 


o 
2 


925 






27.000 


11.5 


8.616 


31,211 


1900 




1901 
















L902 


















1905 


1 
1 

1 
1 


23 

.500 

6,100 
1,143 


2,500 
6,858 


<: "■:- 
9,500 
L0 500 


28,615 
16,839 


566"| i,"666" 


6,756 

10,500 

16,600 
6, 756 


28,738 
41,500 
81,225 


1906 


23,697 


1907 























1909 


1 
1 


.500 
2.000 






A ;o2 




8,253 
13,000 


34, 012 


1910 

















132 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACTFTC COAST. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Coos Bay and River, Oreo., from 1887 to 1010. 



year. 


Num- 
ber of 

can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1887 


2 
1 
1 










11,300 
5, 500 

7,000 


$62, 150 


188S 










31.025 


1889 










38,500 














1891 


2 
























] 893 


1 
1 

1 
1 
1 

o 

2 
1 
1 






3,125 

8, 12 ■ 
2,332 

2.000 
2,200 

7, ISO 
5, 174 


$12,500 

3:;, 712 

8.934 

6,000 

6, 600 

24, 412 

18,626 


3,125 12.500 


L894 

1895 


l:. v 

5,110 
13,000 
6,200 
3, 142 

1,273 


19,163 


18,600 
8,169 
5,092 


8,591 

7.442 
15,000 

8, too 
10, 322 
6, 447 


34.527 
28,097 


L896 


15.000 


1897 . 


25.200 


1898 


32,581 


L899 


23, 718 






1901 


1,215 

412 


6.075 
2, L75 


4. on:: 
2.040 


lt/;2S 
11, 220 


5, 207 

3,052 


22,403 


1902 


13, 395 






1904 


1 


2, 033 


7,725 


7,200 


24, 480 


9,233 


32, 205 






1906 


1 


2,043 


12. 258 


1.755 


= 2fcs 


3, 708 


17,523 


















1910 


1 
1 


275 


1,475 


3.959 
5,500 


17,927 


4. 234 

0.000 


19, 402 









Pack of Canned Salmon on t the Coqudlle River, Oreo., from 1883 to 1910. 





Num- 
ber of 

can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Sili 


T er. 


Total. 


^ ear. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1883 


1 












































1886 


2 
3 
2 














1887 














1888 










11,000 
8,600 


$63, 250 












47, 300 
















1891 


1 
1 

1 

1 
2 














1892 






5,000 
0.500 
2,000 
8, 724 
7,800 


$20, 000 
20,000 
8,000 
.".2, 015 
23,400 


5.0Q0 
6, 500 
2,000 
9, 184 

9,025 


20.000 


1893 .. 






20,000 


1894 . 






8,000 


1895 


760 
1,225 


$2, 887 
3,675 


35, 502 


1896 


27, 075 






1898 


2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


541 

050 
2,030 
133 
286 
331 
i ii ii i 
2, 100 
821 
306 


1,407 
3,800 
13,180 

665 
1,510 
1,771 
2,400 

12,000 
1,920 


7,485 

7,550 
9,001 
5.090 
5,877 
8,685 
13,686 
11,343 
17,979 
13,220 
19,174 
9,818 
10,037 


?, ! 409 
28,500 
38,404 
20,384 
24,927 
36,911 
54,744 
48,208 
53, 937 


8,026 
8,500 
12, 237 

5, 229 
6,163 
9, 016 
14,286 
13,443 
18,800 
13, 520 
19, 174 
10, 068 
17,057 


20,906 


1899 


32, 300 


1900 


51,584 


1901 


21.049 


1902... 


26. 437 


1903 


38, 682 


1904 


57, 144 


1905 


60, 808 


1906 


58,863 






1908 








1009 


250 
42o 


1,255 


42, 687 


43,942 


1910 













a Burned. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 133 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Rogue River, Oreg., prom 1877 to 1910. 



Year. 


Niim- 
ber of 

can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases, j Value. 


1877 


a 1 

CO 










7,804 
8, 534 
8,571 
7. 772 
12,320 
10. 1X0 
10, 15(1 
12,376 
9,310 
12,147 
17,216 
21,002 
22.000 
24.000 
21,000 
10.000 
3,200 




1878 












1879 












1880 












1881 












1882 












[883 












1884 
























1886 












1887 












1888 










SI 21, 107 


1889 










132, 000 












120,000 


1891 










105,000 


1892 


10,000 
3,200 


859, 000 

10.000 


9,000 


$36, ooo 


95,000 


1893. .. 


16,000 










1895 


10,377 
15,000 
15,355 

5, 481 


41,508 
75, 000 
01,420 
51,550 
30, 145 


4,385 

3,000 

3,653 

501 

1 , 745 


15, 347 

0.000 

10,959 
1,303 
6,980 


14,702 
IS, 000 
10,008 
13,405 
7,220 


56,855 


1897 


84,000 

72, 379 


1898 


52, 853 
37,127, 


1900 


1901 


2,681 

3,799 

8, 418 

16,000 

18,500 

12.000 

7, 537 

1,354 

186 

232 


13,405 
20,058 
15,036 
64,000 

111.000 
72,000 


4. 184 
4,091 
4.702 
3,255 
1.500 
6,000 
1,796 
2,650 
099 
2,711 


17,736 
17,387 
20.366 
1 1 . 392 
6,375 
18,000 


6,865 
7,890 
13,210 
19,255 

20.000 

18,000 

9.333 

0,004 

885 
1,943 


31,141 


11102 


37, 44.', 




05, 402 


1904 


7;.. 302 


1905 


117,375 


1906 


90, 000 


1907 




190S . . 








1909 


1,300 


2,077 


4,277 


1910 .. 













a Burned down during season. b Not operated. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Smith River, Cal., in Specified Years. 



Years. 


Num- 
ber of 

can- 
neries. 


Chinook salmon. 


Silver salmon. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1878 




4,277 
7,500 
2, 347 
1,500 
1 , 500 
2. 250 


$23,096 






4,277 
7,500 
2,347 
2,000 
2, 000 
2,250 


$23,096 


1880 








1888 


14,082 






14,082 


1893. . 


500 
500 






1894 . . . 








1895 


9,990 




9.990 











Pack of Canned Salmon on Klamath River, Cal., in Specified Years. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Total. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 


1888 




4.400 
1,000 
1,700 
1,200 
1,600 
2,500 


$20, 400 






4,400 
1.000 

1,700 

1,0011 

1,600 

2, 500 

3,400 
5.033 

8,010 


$26, 400 


1893 . 








1894 . . . 










1895 


5,321 
8,800 


400 


$1,500 


6, 821 


1899 . . . 


8, SOT 


1902... 








1904... 


3, ion 


18.300 






18,360 


1009 


5,633 28.315 






28,315 


1010. . 


8,016 





















134 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Pack of Canned Salmon on Eel River, Cal., in Specified Years. 



Year. 


Number 
of can- 
neries. 


Chinooks. 


Cases. 


Value. 




1 
1 
1 
1 


8,500 


S51.000 




10,500 1 50,700 


1880 


6,250 
6,000 




1910 









Pack of Canned Salmon on the Sacramento River, from 1864 to 1905. 



Year. 


N umber 
of can- 
neries. 


Cases 
packed .« 


Value. 


Year. 


Number 
of can- 
neries. 


Cases 
packed." 


Value. 


1864 


1 
1 


2.000 
2,000 




L886 




39,300 
36,500 
68,075 
57,300 
25.065 
10,353 

2. I'M 
23.330 
28,463 
25,185 
13,387 
38,543 
29.731 
32,580 
39,304 
17,500 
14,043 

8,200 
14.407 

2.780 








1887 






1866 




1888 


6 
3 


8423,750 


1867 








1889 

1890 




1868 










1869 








1891 






1870 








L892 






1871 








1893 






1872 








1894 






1873 








1895 


3 


111, 821 


1874 




2,500 
3,000 
11 1, 000 
21,500 
34,017 
13,855 
62,000 
181,200 

200, 

123.000 
81,450 
90,000 




1896 




1875 






L897 






1876 


2 




L898 






1877 


$183,692 
59,577 


L899 




: ■,(! £88 


1878 


6 
4 
9 


1900 






1879 


1901 






1880 


1902 






1881 




1903 






1882 


19 

21 




1904 


2 
1 


6,9 16 


1883 




1905 








Total 






1885 


6 






1,352,855 















a All were quinnat or Chinook salmon. 

Pack of Canned Salmon in Alaska, by Districts, from the Inception of the 

Industry. 





Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. 


Western Alaska. 


■ Total. 


Year. 


Can- 
neries. 


Pack. 


Can- 
neries. 


Pack. 


Can- 
neries. 


Pack. 


Can- 
neries. 


Pack. 




2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
4 
4 
3 
4 
5 
6 
12 
12 
11 
7 
8 

9 

9 
9 
9 

10 


Cases. 

8, 159 

12,530 

0,539 

8,977 

11,501 

20,040 

22, 189 

16,728 

18,660 

31,462 

81,128 

141,760 

142,901 

156, 615 

115,722 

136,053 

142. 544 

14S, 476 

262,381 

271,867 

251,385 

310.219 

456,639 




Cases. 




Cases. 


2 
2 

1 
1 
3 
6 
7 
6 
9 
10 
16 
37 
35 
30 
15 
22 
21 
23 
29 
29 
30 
32 
42 


Cases. 
8.159 


1879 










12,530 


1880 










6,539 


1S81 










8,977 


L882 


2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
6 
21 
19 
14 
6 
11 
10 
10 
12 
13 

14 
14 
14 


10,244 
28,297 
42, L".i7 
52,687 
74,583 
102,515 
241,101 
461,451 
421,300 
511,367 
295, 196 
399, 815 
435,052 
327,019 
485,990 
382.899 
395.009 
356,095 
402, 223 






21.745 


1883 






48,337 


1884 


1 
1 
3 
3 

4 
4 
4 
5 
2 
3 
4 
6 
8 
7 
7 
9 
12 


a 4(M) 
14,000 
48,822 
72,700 
SO. ssi', 
115, 9S5 
118,390 
133,418 
63,499 
107,786 
108, S44 
150, 135 
218, 336 
254,312 
318,703 
411,832 
599,277 


64,886 


1885 


83,415 


1886 


142, Olio 


1887 


206, 677 


1888 


412,115 


1SS9 


719,196 


1890 


682,591 


1891... 


801,400 


1S92 


474,717 


1893 


643, 654 


1894 


686, 440 


1895 


626,530 


IS'!!', 


966. 707 


1897 


909,078 


1898 


965,097 


1899 


1,078,146 


1900 


1,548,139 



a Experimental pack. 



SALMON PISHEEIES OP PACIFIC COAST. 



185 



Pack of Canned Salmon in Alaska, by Districts, from the Inception of the 

Industry — Continued. 





Southeast Alaska. 


Central Alaska. 


Western Alaska. 


Total. 


Year, 


Can- 
neries. 


Pack. 


Can- 
neries. 


Pack. 


mail's. 


Pack 


Can- 
neries. 


Pack. 


1901 


21 

21 
12 
13 
20 
22 

23 

19 


Cases. 
735, 119 
906,070 
642,305 
569,003 
133,607 
767,285 
887,503 

1,011,648 
852,870 

1,066,399 


13 
12 
12 

11 
9 
8 
8 
8 
s 

10 


< 'ases. 
562, 142 
583,690 
H7, 175 

499. 485 
371, 755 

432,517 


21 
26 
27 
32 
25 
19 

18 
19 
is 

la 


719,213 
1,046,458 
1,186,730 

885,268 
1,089,154 

978,735 

!. 169,004 

1,151,553 

914,138 


55 
64 
60 
55 
17 
47 
48 
50 
45 
52 


( 'ases. 
2 016 804 


1902 


2,536,824 

2 246 "in 


1903 . 


1904 

1905 

L906 

1907 

1908 


1,953,756 
1,894,516 
2,219.044 

2,606,973 

•' 395 177 


1909... 


1911) 

Total 


23 


2,413,054 




10.647,220 




10, 195,739 


]■' - ',; 719 




33,569,671 









Pack of Canned Salmon in Alaska from 1S98 to L910, by Species. 





i loho, or silver. 


I >og, or chum. 


Humpback, or [link. 








Cases. 




Cases. 


Value. 


1898 


54,711 
39 102 
50,984 
65,509 
82, 723 

120,506 
85,741 
67,394 

109, 141 
85, 190 
68,827 

114,026 




5,184 
1,931 
30,012 
47,464 
159,849 
35,052 
21,178 
11 972 
254,812 
184,173 
218,513 
120,712 
254. 21 S 




109.399 

232,022 
541.427 
549,602 
355,799 

34S.297 
561,973 
644, 133 
164,873 
554,322 




1899 








1900 








1901 








1902 








1903 








1904 




sll ;;.■•. 
730,235 
547,757 
554, 197 
274.110 
773,409 




1905 

1906 

1907..- 

191 IS 

1909 

1910 


8215,875 
382, L09 
337.384 
274,089 

231.1)29 
559,666 


8498, 191 
1,040.951 
1,799,280 

1, 11 1.S39 
1,764.055 





King, or spring. 


Red, or sockeye. 


Total. 




Cases. 


Value. 


Cases. 


Value. 




Value. 


1898 


12,862 
23,400 
37,715 

43. Of,',) 
59. 104 
47,609 
11,950 




782,941 

864 254 

1,197.406 

1,319,335 

1,687,244 

1,574, 128 
1,475,961 
1,295, 113 
1,651,770 
1,705,302 




9(i5,097 
1,078, 146 
1,548, 139 
2,016,804 
2,536,824 
2,246,210 
1,953,756 
1,894,516 
2,219,044 
2, 169,873 
2,606,973 
2.::;'-,, 177 
2,413,054 




1899 








1900 








1901 








190'' 






1903 








1904 


- .,. :;- 
5.620,875 
5, 915, 227 
7,524,251 
7,610.550 
7,774,390 




1905 

1906 

1907 


30 834 
43,424 
23,730 
1 ,034 
40,221 


8141,999 
116,222 
181.718 

99. 867 

207,624 
214,802 


86,304,671 
7,896,392 


[90$ 


10,185,783 
9, 438, 152 
11,086,322 


1909 

1910 



136 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Pack of Canned Salmon in British Columbia since the Inception of the 

Industry, by Waters. 



Year. 


Num- 
ber of 
can- 
neries. 


Fraser 
River. 


Skeena 
River. 


Rivers 
inlet. 


Nass 
River. 


Vancouver 
Island. 


Northern 
miscellane- 
ous waters. 


Total. 


1876 


5 

8 

9 
9 

11 
16 

20 
14 
9 

10 
20 
21 
2s 
33 
38 
36 
44 
42 
49 
56 
65 
67 
68 
69 
78 
69 
61 
51 
64 
59 
42 
50 


Cases. 

7.247 
5.-,,. -is; 
81.446 
50,490 
42, 155 
142,510 
199,204 
105,701 
34.037 
89,617 
99, 177 
130,088 
70.010 
310.122 
244,352 
177,989 

9s. -191 

474,237 
363,566 
432,920 
375,344 
879, 770 
204.225 
527,390 
331,371 
998,913 
327, 197 
237, 162 

i 18,903 
846,998 
220, 744 
103, 110 

89,184 
567,230 
223, 148 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 


Cases. 

7,247 
58, 387 


1877 


3,000 

8.5(10 
10,003 

19,694 
21,560 
24,522 
31, 157 
53,786 

1.2,900 
37,587 
58 592 
70, 100 
58,405 
91.015 
77.1157 
90,750 
5 l 021 
61,005 
69,356 
97,863 
61,310 

SO. 102 

112,562 

135,424 
125,845 

155,930 
98,688 
154,869 
114,085 

102,420 
159, 255 
209,177 
142. 740 
222.035 










1878 










89, 946 


1879.. 










01,093 
61,849 


1880 










ls.sl 






5,500 
4,600 

6, 400 
7.000 
o.ooo 
1,200 
4.200 
5,000 

7. 102 
11,060 

3.850 
4,300 
8,098 




109, 576 


1882 


5 , 035 
10,780 
20,383 


6,500 
9,400 

S.500 




240.401 


1 881 ! 




163, 438 


IsM 


123,706 


1885 




108,517 


[886 


15.000 
11,203 

I'll. DUO 

21,722 
33,500 
36,500 
14,955 
35, 116 
40, 101 

5S. 575 
107, 173 
40,090 
105, 2,02 
76,428 
74, 190 
66, 794 
70, 298 
b9,389 

9 1. 292 

83, 122 
122,878 
94,064 

75.090 
91.014 
129,398 






152, 964 


1887 






204,083 


1 888 


12,318 
19,800 

24,700 
11,058 
26, LOO 
15,680 
20,000 
20,541 
14,649 
20,000 

20,000 

19,442 

20,200 

15.004 
23,212 
18,094 
29,587 

32.725 
32,534 
31,832 

40, '/OS 

40.090 

39,720 




184,040 


1889 

1S90 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 


6,666 
8,057 

14, 125 
17.750 
7,500 
3,000 
14,5.50 
12.200 
10,323 
17,541 
28,247 
29.051 
34,086 
38, 154 
43,355 
39,917 
44,343 
22.570 
62,026 
92 132 
92'. 505 


417,211 
411,257 
314,511 
248,721 
010,202 
492,232 
587,692 
017,782 

1,027,183 
192,551 
705,519 
000,540 

1.2 47,212 
627, 101 
473,847 
465,894 

1,107,822 


1895 

1S96 

1S97 

1898. 

1899 

1900 

1901 

L902 

1903 


3,300 
7,903 
13,807 

12,539 
12, 150 

17. 102 

11.005 

10, 432 
12,300 
U.sss 
50, 975 
40,511 
70.010 
83,918 
58, 954 
53,904 


1904 

1905 


1900 

1907 

190S 

1909 


029, 460 
547.459 
566,303 

993,000 


1910 




760, 830 








Total 




9, 402. 095 


2,891,557 


1,623,718 


579. 194 


500, 794 


038, 098 


15,695,756 



PICKLING INDUSTRY. 

The salmon-pickling industry was so overshadowed by its giant 
brother, the canning industry, that statistical data, except for Alaska, 
were found in extremely fragmentary shape, and only that portion is 
shown relating to Alaska from the time of annexation to 1909. 

Pack of Salted Salmon in Alaska, 1868 to 1900. 



Year. 


Salmon. 


Salmon bellies. 


Dry-salted salmon. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


L868 


2,000 
1,700 
1,800 

700 

1,000 

900 

1,400 

1,200 

1,800 

1,950 
2, 100 
3,500 
3, 700 
1 . 700 


$16,000 
13, 600 
14,400 
6, 300 

9.000 

7,200 










1S09 










1870 








1871... 








1872 








1873 








1874 


11,200 






1875. . . 


9,000 

14,400 

15,700 
16,800 
28, 000 

29,000 

15,840 
53, 010 






1876 








1877 








1878 








1879. 










1880. . . 


300 


$3,300 






1881 






1882 


5, S90 






















SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 137 

Pack of Salted Salmon- in Alaska, 1868 to 19(H) — Continued. 





Salmon. 


Salmon bellies. 


Dry-salted salmon. 


\ ear. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


Barrels. 


Value. 


1 ounds. 


Value. 




7,251 

6, 106 

3,231) 

4,861 

3,978 

9,500 

li, 457 

18,030 

8,913 

17,374 

24,005 

32,011 

14,234 

9,314 

15,848 

22,670 

22, 382 

31,852 

24, 477 

30,31 i 

27,921 

13.074 

10,071 

17,283 

22,307 

31,472 

28, 443 

12,779 


865,259 
54,954 
20,070 
43, 740 
35,802 
85,500 
58,013 
162,351 
71,304 
140,057 
120,083 
176,060 
85,404 
65, 198 
110,936 
181,360 

!07, SO.", 

238,890 
171,339 

212. OSS 
223,368 
SO, 20!) 
143,811 
120, 194 
203, L27 
266,713 
183,400 
111.034 

































L887 




















1889 










I gl i' i 










1891 










1892 


53 








i 8! 13 




1894 






:.: 


1895 












150 

2,846 

580 

235 

2,353 

652 

328 

3,007 

20S 

i 160 

1,338 

2,965 

7,600 

1,070 

1,020 


1,200 

28,460 

5,800 

2,350 

23, 530 

3,816 

2,952 

32,973 

1,950 

11, 355 

13,644 

37,422 

85,994 

2.-,, 358 

19,007 






1897 






1898 






1899 






1900 ' -. 


511,400 


$10,228 


1901 




1902 






1903 

1904 

1906 

101)7 

1908 

1909 

1910 


300,000 

966,812 

7,280,234 

1, 107. oso 
107. 5S0 

2o, son 
71,000 
22, 178 


5,500 

it;, lso 
li:,, til; 

10,000 

1,505 
41 (i 

1,038 
554 






Total 


517,238 


3,883,988 


2S.231 


299,926 


10,388,284 


168,033 







MILD CURING INDUSTRY. 

The beginning of this industry on the Pacific coast, is of compara- 
tively recent elate, and the following table is complete, with the pos- 
sible exception of a few tierces, which may not have been reported 
for the coastal rivers of Oregon: 

Number of Tifrcks of Mild-Cured Salmon* Packed ox the Pacific Coast from 

1897 to 1910« 



Year. 


Alaska. 


British 
Colum- 
bia. 


Puget 

Sound, 
Wash. 


Grays 

Harbor, 
Wash. 


Willapa 
Barbor, 
Wash. 


Colum- 
bia 
River, 

(both 
sides). 


Coastal 
rivers, 
Oreg. 


Eel 

River, 
Cal. 


Sacra- 
mento 
River, 
Cal. 


Mon- 
te re \- 
Bav, 
Cai. 


Total. 


1897 










400 
700 
1,250 
1 . 275 
3.000 
4,213 
0.725 
9,088 
9,805 

6,070 
4,960 

5. 540 
7.922 










400 


1898 


70 
130 


:::::::::: 










770 


1899 




375 








1,755 


1900 










950 

3,100 
2, 125 
3,600 
4,719 

2.970 
2,177 
4,102 
3,243 
5,111 
5,516 


504 

r>4 
248 
310 
510 
582 
252 
911 
75 


2,225 
6,767 


1901 


67 
07 
s 
34 
189 
1,120 

i.e.-,: 

1,378 

2, 202 
3! 357 


1,17.-, 
957 

1 . 903 
1 , 000 
1,560 
1,638 


000 
! ■ 

82 1 
1,250 
3,000 

2,060 




1902 




lss 




7,722 






11,511 


1001 




415 

710 
710 


■JIM 

175 
140 


15,539 


loo:, 

1000 

1907 

1908 


20 


100 


17,873 
13,685 
17,464 
10, 893 


1000. 


2, III:) 
2. 435 


75 
67 


29 


560 

1 , 398 


80 


18 267 


1910 


22,408 


Total. 


10,375 


8,383 


12.703 


537 


129 


68,948 


4,041 


595 


37,822 


3,746 


147,279 



a The net weight of fish in a tierce is about 800 pounds. King, chinook, or spring salmon were used al- 
mostexclusively. From most places the data are complete from the time of the inception of the industry, 
but from a few minor places the data are somewhat fragmentary. 



IX. TRADE WITH OUTLYING POSSESSIONS. 

As a result of the war with Spain the United States in 1898 ac- 
quired possession of Porto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands, 
while in the same year Hawaii became a part of this country at its 
own request, and in 1900 two islands of the Samoan group were ac- 
quired by a partition agreement with Great Britain and Germany. 
The trade with the Philippine Islands is shown to date in the tables 
of exports and imports to foreign countries, but the trade with the 
other possessions has been eliminated from these tables and shown 
separately ever since their annexation to the United States. 

HAWAII. 

The islands constituting this Territory, owing to their reciprocity 
treaty with this country for a number of years before annexation, 
purchased their supplies of salmon from the United States almost 
exclusively. In recent years the Territory has imported the following 
quantities of salmon from the mainland: 





Year. 


('mined. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 




Pounds. 


Value. 


1907 




1.120,217 
965,029 
L40,410 

1,381,398 


$89,286 
89,025 
121,716 
L13,526 


Value. 
$64,232 


1908 


67,143 


1909 


73,848 


1910 


72, 194 







PORTO RICO. 

Of recent years, the following shipments of domestic salmon have 
been made to this island: 



Vear. 


('mined. 


All other, 
fresh or 
cured. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1907 


604,627 
512,038 
381,171 

511,055 


$53,916 
48, L95 
34,777 
4:s, 494 


Value. 

$2,893 




1 428 


1909 


3.S10 


1910 


6,243 







138 



SALMON FISHEK1ES OF PACIFIC COAST. 
GUAM. 



139 



Since annexation, this country and Japan have been competing for 
the trade of this island, which, in earlier years, Japan controlled quite 
largely. During the last two years, however, the United States has 
secured the advantage. The following table shows the extent of the 
trade, which is made np almost entirely of salted or pickled salmon: 



United 
Japan 



i aited States. 
Japan 



1 rnited Slates. 
Japan 



United 
Japan 



United 
Japan 



Year and counl ry. 



. salmon. 



rounds. Value. Pounds 




1,415 



1,22] 



19,862 


1,601 


7.406 
6, 130 


623 
(65 


10.779 
1,295 


7-10 
344 



000 



TUTUILA, SAMOA. 



The customs statistics lump the imports of fish under one general 
heading, thus making it impossible to show separately the imports 
of salmon. 



X. FOREIGN TRADE IN SALMON. 

As we do not consume all of the salmon produced by our fisheries, 
it is necessary to find a foreign market for the surplus each season, 
but as canned salmon has become one of the staples of the world, there 
is not much difficulty in this respect, especially since our only compet- 
itors are Canada and Japan. The latter has not yet become much 
of a factor in the canned-salmon market, though she will as her fish- 
ing operations are extended. There is more competition in the pickled, 
fresh, and frozen markets, several European and Asiatic countries 
being large producers of these goods, as is Canada also, for a consider- 
able proportion of which she is compelled to find an outside market. 

EXPORTS OF CANNED SALMON. 

From the beginning of the industry a considerable proportion of the 
salmon canned lias been exported, especially of the higher grades. 
In Europe the chief customer is Great Britain, taking about nine- 
tenths of all sent to European ports. Great Britain does not, how- 
ever, consume this quantity, for a considerable part of her importa- 
tions are reexported. On the North American Continent and adja- 
cent islands the best customers are Mexico, Panama, and the British 
West Indies, in the order named. In South America, Peru, Argen- 
tina, and British Guiana were the leading markets in 1910. In 1908 
Chile imported 4.196,060 pounds; in 1909 the importations dropped 
to 97,993 pounds, but increased in 1910 to 1,556,629 pounds. In 
Asia, Hongkong and China import canned salmon, although neither 
buys great quantities. The islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans 
are large consumers. British Australasia took 5,474,S18 pounds, 
valued at $551,312, in 1910, and other good customers were the Brit- 
ish East Indies and British, French, and German Oceania. In Africa 
the British and Portuguese possessions are the largest importers. 

The movements of these products are naturally often influenced 
favorably or adversely as the tariffs of the various countries in which 
they are marketed are raised or lowered. 
140 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



141 



The following table shows the yearly exports of domestic canned 
salmon and the countries to which exported for the period from 1900 
to 1910, inclusive: 

Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1910. 



North America: 

Dominion of Canada — 

Nova Scotia, New 
Brunswick, etc 

Quebec, Ontario, Man- 
itoba, etc 

British Columbia 

Newfoundland and Lab- 
rador 

Miquelon, Langley, etc 

Mexico 

Central American States- 
British Honduras 

Costa Rica 

Guatemala 

Honduras 

Nicaragua 

Salvador 

Bermuda 

West Indies — 

British 

Danish 

Dutch 

French 

Haiti 

Santo Domingo 

Cuba 

Porto Rico 

South America: 

Argentina 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana- 
British 

Dutch 

French 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Europe: 

Austria-Hungary 

Azores, and Madeira Is- 
lands 

Belgium 

Denmark 

France 

Germany 

Italy...'. 

Malta, Oozo, etc 

Netherlands 

Portugal 

Russia, on Baltic and 

White Seas 

Spain 

Sweden and Norway 

Switzerland 

United Kingdom 

Asia and Oceania: 

Aden 

Chinese Empire 

China — Russian 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Korea 

Russia, Asiatic 

Turkey in Asia 

East Indies — 

British 

Dutch 



Pounds 



Value. 



24,137 
382,811 



82,514 

33, 151 



240 
162,785 

16,488 

70,458 
2,666 
7,193 

26,647 
550 

59,672 

259,249 
9,085 
13,303 
432 
468 
2.7(14 
8,406 
4,394 

104.307 



637,638 
647.328 
92,868 
50,387 

168,718 
13,096 

3,240 
75.021 

2.S37 
42,125 

2,208 

48 
31,118 

24,492 

22,544 

16.110 

120 



20 
14,806 

1 . 604 
6,114 

277 
677 

2,684 
en 

6,158 

25,651 

873 

1,610 

45 

44 

297 

786 

390 

s.s22 



76,152 
61,800 

9,075 
5,631 

10,197 
::, 553 

299 
7, 3! '2 

285 
3.712 

309 

7 
3.1S6 
2,455 
2.130 
1,431 
10 



3,048 
19,776 



299 

1,779 



1,168 
24 

1S.S20.453 

216 

40,960 



63,210 
11,560 



112 

3 

1.870,004 



6,488 
1,200 



538,180 



Pounds. 



101 

25.251 



100,425 

19.331 

69, 135 

11,361 

7,681 

21.543 

550 

63,786 

315,209 

8,612 

16,591 

1,084 

595 

1,899 

20,407 



127.751 

240 

207.033 

H15.323 

97,1113 

98,587 

13H.192 
(11.331 
2.24S 
124,823 
9,408 
66,911 



950 

5,800 

3,168 

61,790 

77,921 

2, 196 

141 

288 



1 . 530 

720 



31,722,853 



149,295 

20,034 

78,960 

285,030 

1,105 

1 , 495 

144 

312, S05 
3,960 



$10 
223.230 



14,967 

2,054 
6.76S 
1,151 
776 
2,256 
55 
7,39S 

33,635 

929 
1,944 

127 
65 

192 
1 , 883 



10.910 
37 
23.50(1 
(14.059 
9.975 
10,387 

14. SO- 
il. 542 
2(11 
12,52(1 
933 
0,913 



92 

600 

326 

6,565 

7.507 

214 

21 

30 



Pounds. 



22.442 
1,866,272 



S10 



387,905 

23.407 
70,030 
15,325 

4,924 
17.125 

1 . 828 
76,456 

212.999 

14,526 

13,112 

900 

920 

1.531 

20,196 



ss.022 

15,110 

87,800 

384,766 

SI 1.040 
24,937 

140.502 

92,971 

8,316 

313,470 

1,010 

42.430 

250 



336 

860 
23,956 

10,905 



151 
70 



4,800 
336 

8,400 

675 
72 



3,219,196 I 30,032,961 



15,263 

2,058 

S,050 

28,990 

115 

145 

16 

31,528 

400 



117,043 
9,460 

551,860 
14,578 
2,208 
6,572 



733,685 

101,940 



Value. 



$1 



2, 493 
159,682 



31,041 

2.370 
5,954 
1 . 324 

498 
1 . 635 

161 
7,768 

24.191 

1.390 

1 . 506 

96 

88 

140 

1,618 



7,816 

1,147 
8,350 
28,529 

7.451 
1,868 

14,604 

S.71S 

850 

24,444 

104 

4.020 

25 



39 

92 

1,889 

1,068 



400 
35 



932 
67 



2,620,729 



8,716 

772 

40,261 

1,220 
179 
521 



50.912 
12,093 



142 SALMON FISHEEIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Exports, by Countries, of Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1910 — Continued. 



Pounds. Value. Pounds. ' Value. 



Asia and Oceania— Con tin ued. 

British Australasia 2,804,004 

British Oceania 

French Oceania 103, 940 

German Oceania 



Guam" 

Hawaii'' 

Philippine Islands 

Tonga, Samoa, and all 

other 

Tutuila« 

Africa: 

British A friea 

Canary Islands 

French Africa 

Liberia 

Portuguese Africa 

All other Africa 



480 

860,682 

1,160 



632,012 



4,320 

312 

47,812 



$283,110 3,442,085 



10,732 



US, 355 
8, 180 



50 

84, SOS 

120 

11,646 



57,387 



39,316 
73,040 



sir,, 133 
656 
421 4, (ISO 

30 

4,696 35,384 



Total 

RECAPITULATION 

Europe 

North America 

South America 

Asia 

Oceania 

Africa 



27,082,370 



18,941,109 
1,051,808 
L, 868,225 

654,126 
3,882,646 

684,456 



2,693,648 41,289,500 



1,881,725 
98,064 

192,918 
67,941 

390,466 
62,534 



31,877,663 
2, 143,561 
1,577,013 

853, t::i 
3,681,276 

856,553 



$343,540 



12,026 

S74 



3,925 

7,168 



79,063 
66 
415 



3.459 



4,230,271 



3,234,862 
297.440 
160,862 

86,571 
367.533 

83.003 



Pounds. Value 



7.131,641 

L51,998 

142,570 

12,900 



718,876 



21,176 
2,581,088 



52,726 
6,200 



$599,671 

10,555 

11,355 

997 



46, 712 



1,451 
219,233 



4,931 
582 



47.173,114 



30,683,551 
2,780,844 
1,291,998 

1.597.346 
S, 179. 161 
2,640,214 



3,991,402 



2,625,284 
242,029 
107,907 
120,674 
670,741 
224,767 



Countries. 


1903 


1904 


1905 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


North America: 










290,850 


$21. 121 


Nova Scotia, New 






49 

153,697 
1,086,370 


$4 

9,558 

9.",. 021 




Quebec, Ontario, Man- 


43. 107 


85, 171 
287,212 










Newfoundland and I. ili- 


240 
493,371- 

28,959 
93,580 

20, 498 
14, 434 

42. 103 

112,320 

2. 296 

33,821 

366, 747 

9,474 

13, 051 

660 

1,611 

4,855 

36, 903 

120, 586 
170 
1881342 
821,171 
SI, 239 
121,894 

135. 424 
45,231 
11,684 

151,832 
3, 250 
28,005 


25 


Mexico 

Central American States 
British Honduras 


356,951 

24. 1S7 

36,806 

3,527 

7.455 
20, 089 


-t ys? 

2.316 

3. 072 
295 

716 
1.771 


538,949 

28, 044 
58, 828 
15, 732 
12,428 
28, 159 
18,466 
1,304 
36, 022 

409, 219 
7, 442 
17,878 
984 
2,115 
7, 660 
24, 677 

66, 275 

672 

114,033 

1,218,266 

lis, 269 
.-,0,266 

112,360 

78, 464 
11,169 

214,982 

2,246 
59, 857 


iS 691 

2, 534 
4,668 
1.131 
1,090 

2.394 
1,671 

32(i 
3,778 

37,389 
752 
1,999 
86 
228 
719 
2,324 

6,612 
80 
11.742 
72, 205 
10. 104 

4,041 

11,226 
8,280 
1,307 

15, 530 

225 

5,981 


40, 597 

2,534 
8,179 


Guatemala 

Honduras 


1,583 
1,221 
3,146 




9, 211 




3,360 
64, 264 

418, 636 

9,647 

22. 9S1 

892 

2,496 

3,290 

21,636 

72. 445 
384 
88,740 
1.044.490 
149,272 
45. 126 

172,300 
52, 138 
18, 752 
89,440 
2, 140 
20, 9S7 


252 
6,792 

38,434 

903 

2,480 

92 

238 

335 

1,789 

6,808 
40 

8,481 
59,354 
11.194 

3,115 

16,829 
4.959 
1,805 
7,309 
185 
1,839 


184 




3,634 


West Indies 


34,262 




965 


Dutch 


1,419 


French 


64 


Haiti . . . 


164 


Santo Domingo 

Cuba 


452 
3,373 


South America: 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana- 
British 

Dutch 


11,263 
17 
17.908 
56, 160 
7,491 
7,941 

13, 617 

4,797 




1,228 


Peru 


11,369 


Uruguay 

Venezuela 


325 
2,825 



o Guam was annexed to the United States in 189S. 
t> Hawaii was annexed to the United States in 1898. 



■ Tutuila was acquired in 1898. 

d Panama separated from Colombia in 1903. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST, J 43 

Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1910 — ( - ontinued. 



Countries. 


1903 


1904 


■ 1905 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Europe: 


400 


825 


; J ,N4 

48 

480 

100 

4,800 

18, 790 
5, 232 

4,072 

1,440 

1,400 

70 


836 

5 

53 

8 
600 
1,717 
556 
414 
150 
140 

7 






Azores, and Madeira Is- 


384 

0,760 


J41 


Belgium 


788 

80 

2, too 

32,268 

1,120 

1 . 072 

96 

3, 108 


73 

8 

260 

2,470 

114 

124 

10 

316 


1,019 




21.005 
1,210 

5, 760 
3, 250 


2, 262 




122 


Italy 


465 




349 








2, 700 
96 


249 




10 




240 
35,369,196 


24 
3,121,774 




dnited Kingdom 


33,555,080 


I A. 1C2 


21,026,108 

2,520 
249,386 


1,872,902 


Asia and Oceania: 


ISO 




166,522 

53.368 

814,008 

13.536 

2,152 

48 


13,602 

5, 1 1 1 

56,225 

1,015 

179 

4 


218,142 

40,000 

160,367 

11,817,343 

3,888 

482 


18,770 

3.032 

11,870 

841,461 

292 

41 


17,587 








518,42'. 
2,437,484 

2,572 


36, 635 




162, 524 




186 








384 

673,897 

720 

109,476 


31 


East Indies- 
British 


473,740 


39,367 


636, 320 


44,669 


55, 599 




69 


Dutch 


235,680 

240 
4.268,652 
36,018 
153,696 
451,824 
601,324 

1,454,226 

144 

2,220 

'384 

167, 964 


19 }:x. 

24 

360,720 

2, 2! 10 

12,179 
26,614 

42.702 

127,921 

15 

207 

41 

17,043 


110,216 
10 
3,136,728 
28,670 
185,848 
340. 464 
206, 896 

794, 75S 


9,018 

1 

290,307 

1,941 

15,305 

19,326 

14,970 

77,911 


7,893 


Britisli Australasia 


4,075,004 

42,624 

133,204 

324,888 

681,636 

1,259,269 
900 

4,800 

140 

200,826 

2, 448 


389,518 

3,645 


French ( leeania 

German Oceania 

Philippine Islands 

Africa: 


11.414 
20,651 
42, 700 

121, 120 




90 




3, 200 

140 

137,640 

388 


320 

14 

13, 906 

30 


460 
14 




20,365 




204 




5,200 


506 














Total 


50,353.334 


4,350,791 


55,924,278 


5.224,598 


35,006.555 


3,035,469 






RECAPITULATION. 

Europe 


35,410,768 
4,285,406 

1.756,211 
1 . 759, 294 
5,511.514 
1,630,138 


3,125,197 
378,655 

121,918 
134,783 
■114,505 
145,733 


33,591,890 
2,446,023 
2,055,859 

12,995,768 

3,898,606 

936, 126 


3,508.818 
204,363 
147,333 
930.051 
341,849 
92, 181 


21,071.263 
1.565.773 

1,708. si's 
3,994.862 
5,257,446 
l,4i • 


1,877,509 
132,134 




134,941 




280,704 


Oceania 

Africa 


467.028 
142, 253 




19 


06 


19 


07 


19 


08 




Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


l'ounds. 


Value. 


North America: 

I dominion of Canada 

Mexico 

Central American Slates— 
British Honduras 


236. 664 
699,002 

43.15:, 
106,879 
26,925 

15, lis 

39,949 

30S, 624 

2,880 

24,679 

471,814 
9,713 
11,643 
200 
2,953 
11,688 
57.441 


814,814 

56, 747 

3,639 
8,968 
1,989 
1,319 

3,022 

25,965 

197 

2,406 

43,368 
1,011 
1,230 
20 
291 
1,137 
5,823 


793,247 
877,989 

36,020 

148, 157 
31,242 
23,508 

41.106 

443,687 

4,092 

29, 139 

515,664 

13.336 

24,275 

100 

914 

9,278 

1 60,904 


$65,356 

73,582 

3,214 
12,260 

2. 535 

2. 0)s 

3,335 
38,642 

331 
2,711 

46,51!) 

1,340 

2. 428 

9 

91 

891 

5,855 


7.320 
1,068,824 

32. 632 
138,421 
29,777 
33,955 
27,721 
487,079 
5,854 
25, 183 

687,620 

15,604 

21,368 

96 

804 

13,887 

57,970 


$587 

94,278 

3,080 

12.260 


Guatemala 


2,319 

3.202 




2,302 




46,883 




467 




2,579 


West Indies- 


64,275 




1,058 


Dutch 


2,234 




11 


Haiti 


. 85 


Santo Domingo 

Cuba 


1,371 
5,288 



a Sweden and Norway separated in 1905. 
101379°— 11 10 



t> Panama separated from Colombia in 1903. 



144 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Exports, by Countries, of Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1910 — Continued. 



Countries. 



South America: 

Argentina 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana- 
British 

Dutch 

French 

Peru 

Uruguay 

Venezuela 

Europe: 

Austria-Hungary 

Azores, and Madeira Is- 
lands 

Belgium 

Denmark 

France 

Germany 

Italy 

Malta, Gozo, etc 

Netherlands 

Norway* 

Portugal 

Spain 

Sweden « 

United Kingdom 

Asia and Oceania: 

Aden 

Chinese Empire 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Korea 

Russia, Asiatic 

Siam 

Turkey in Asia 

East Indies- 
British 

French 

Dutch 

British Australasia 

British Oceania 

French Oceania 

German Oceania 

Philippine Islands 

Africa: 

British Africa 

Canary Islands 

French Africa 

German Africa 

Liberia 

Portuguese Africa 

Turkey in Africa— Egypt 

Total 



RECAPITULATION. 



Europe 

North America. 
South America. 

Asia 

Oceania 

Africa 



1900 



200.200 
1,720 
188,278 
.402.147 
51,987 
80,876 

120,016 
65,654 
12,650 

269,858 
10,436 
35, 775 

1,260 



500 

40,200 

29.980 

4,896 

4,920 

420 

8,280 

40,200 



1,930 

10,000 

31,918,816 

480 

32,189 

105,581 

9,051 

1,632 

1,440 



750 

477, 234 

16,262 

134,796 

5,230,076 

11,952 
125,998 
214,920 
757,400 

1,029,787 
782 
144 



161,178 

2,400 



32.061,402 
2,069,357 

3, 4991603 

779,415 

6,340,346 

1,194,291 



Value. 



$20,339 

181 

18,975 

154,396 

4,667 

5,855 

12, 391 
6,246 
1,305 

20,342 
1,075 
3,280 

135 



60 

4.112 

3,000 

420 

413 

36 

959 

3,981 



193 

1,050 
2,739,284 

50 
2,321 

7,1152 
713 
128 
102 



90 

38,263 
1, 162 
9,692 
426,814 
923 
10.274 
14,503 
56, 743 

87,881 
76 
14 



16,001 
200 



3,847,943 



,753,643 
171,946 
249,052 
60, 173 
509,257 
103,872 



1907 



Pounds. 



262, 667 

18,951 

150,592 

4,168,876 

II. 964 

203,930 

116,120 
66,530 
17,950 

551,160 
16, 124 
14,826 

1 , 220 

883 



9,150 
10,230 



11,098 



3,208 
7,' 726,991. 



59,110 

122,482 

22,881 

1,500 

770 
1,440 



1,043,618 



1(17. 590 
5,451,378 

40,080 
137,472 
156,939 
933,288 

504,848 
144 



600 
"164,837 



Value. 



$25,801 

1,577 

14,880 

286,229 

3,850 

15, 599 

12,202 
6,494 
1 , 829 

40.431 
1,546 
4,336 

112 



976 

86 1 



303 
788,245 



4,386 
9,959 

1 . 77.-, 
129 
M 
90 



75,001 



13,940 
462,648 
2,958 
I 1 . $94 
1 1 , 267 
63,838 

47,74s 
17 



60 
i6.367 



25,218,105 



7,756,780 
3,052,658 
5,659,690 
1,419.391 
6,719,157 
610,429 



2,183,049 



791,436 
261,138 
414,774 
105,364 
552,205 
58,132 



Pounds, j Value. 



394, 306 
11,702 
146,826 
4,196,060 
51,786 
174,920 

140,514 
59,390 
23,218 

316,701 
17.934 
37, 583 



10.575 

45,977 



17.(17(1 

7.577 

27,900 

10,500 

13,200,887 



23, 126 

144.624 
2, 472 
1,156 

582 
3,264 

290 

702,169 

720 

126,168 

3,054.756 

14,661) 

185, 60S 

105,696 

1,171,834 

454,892 



4s 



5,079 
83,640 



28,226,045 



13,321,086 
2,654,175 
5,571,000 
1,004,571 
5,131,554 
543,659 



o Sweden and Norway separated in 1905. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 145 

Exports, by Countries, op Domestic Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1910 — Continued. 



Pounds. 



North America: 

Dominion of Canada 

Mexico 

Central American E 

British Honduras 

Costa Rica 

Guatemala 

Honduras 

Nicaragua 

Panama" 

Salvador 

Bermuda 

West Indies— 

British 

Danish 

Dutch 

French 

Haiti 

Santo Domingo 

Culm 

South America: 

Argentina 

Bolivia 

Brazil 

Chile 

Colombia 

Ecuador 

Guiana- 
British 

Dutch 

French 

Peru 

Uruguay 

\ enezuela 

Europe: 

Azores, and Madeira Island:; 

Denmark 

France 

( i ermany 

Italy.... 

Netherlands 

Russia on Baltic and White Seas. 

Spain 

Sweden* 

United Kingdom 

Asia and Oceania: 

Chinese Empire 

China— British Leased territory.. 

Hongkong 

Japan 

Korea 

Russia, Asiatic 

Siam 

East Indies- 
British 

French 

Dutch 

All other Asia 

British Australasia 

British Oceania 

French Oceania 

German Oceania 

Philippine Islands 

Africa: 

British Africa 

Canary Islands 

< lerman Africa 

Portuguese Africa 

Turkey in Africa— Egypt 



Total. 



Europe. 

North America. 

South America. 

Asia 

Oceania 

Africa 



RECAPITULATION. 
f 



229,934 
756,052 

35, 195 
118,266 
13,957 
14,112 
21,534 
528,228 
9,184 
23,774 

358, 1 1 t 
14,. sis 
16,621 
564 
2,184 
13,258 
53,580 

259,192 

6,184 

176,150 

58,518 

255,039 

100,259 

22,816 

295,885 

15,140 

34,618 



192 



17,096 
5, 1 18 

11,612 
2,050 
3,160 

20,000 
22,969,218 

53, 448 



103, 148 

15,078 

2,652 

5,380 

14,880 

989,592 

528 

201,696 



5,704,960 
109,936 
162,336 
279,792 

484,196 
510 
350 

102, 31 4 



36,117,109 



23,028,476 
2,209, 105 
1,461,662 
1,386,702 
7,383,494 
647,370 



Value. 



521.773 
58, 124 

3 261 
9, s2S 
1,117 
1 . 1 79 
1,656 
50,940 
754 
2, 401 

36,644 
1,568 

1 , 883 

69 

203 

1,300 
5,277 

17,030 
047 

17.109 
6,918 
5, 707 

10,952 

25,981 

2,164 

22,040 
1 . 330 
3,058 



18 



i , 7.-,: 
500 

1,017 
205 
311 

1,940 
2,201,446 

4,887 



9,707 
1,245 

266 

394 

1,025 

85,094 

56 

10, 90S 



590,094 

7,437 
14,570 
18,311 
74,792 

48,220 
51 
36 

14.604 



Pounds. 



99,022 

097,217 

28,310 

157,946 

16,821 

16,240 

28,116 

482,717 

5, 498 

26,484 

548,561 
14,655 
9,838 
196 
2,038 
22,120 
OS. 737 

229.401 

33,502 

207,37,4 

1,556,629 

111.274 
272.411 

222,398 

.",7.7,0'. I 
17,724 
367,676 
11.730 
43, 144 

100 



1,878 
424 



9.744 

11,580 

5,100 



44,737,072 

28,522 

3, 120 

121,558 

3.710 
2,010 



1,008 
1,246,751 



L89,604 
480 

5. 474, sis 

66.826 

241,200 

360,576 

5, 427,. 404 

357,051 



910 

151.470 

1,440 



3,416,436 | 63,860,696 



2,207,194 
198,043 
123,502 
119,582 

705. 204 
02,911 



44,765,898 

2,224.7,10 

3,193,812 

1,596 77.", 

11,568,824 

510,871 



Value. 



87,7,70 

50,782 

2.000 

12,237 

1,361 

1,361 

2,000 

45,401 

423 

2,383 

53.930 
1,512 

1,100 
IS 

185 
2,058 
6,486 

15,090 
2.941 
28,241 
92 259 

9.494 
It,. 187 

22,133 
0,297 
1,784 

21, si 7 
1.167 
4,887 

12 



223 
51 



1,020 

1,210 
500 



4,709,100 

2,688 

345 

12,234 

352 

220 



93 

101,019 



15,920 

45 

57.1,312 

5,160 

22.7s!l 

22 554 

396^604 

37,707 



92 

14,674 

120 



6,314,258 



4,712,182 
191,551 
220, 197 
133,516 
998,219 
52,593 



« Panama separated from Colombia in 1903. 



'' Sweden and Norway separated in 1898. 



146 



.SALMON FISHERIES OE PACIFIC COAST. 



Tlie table following shows for the past 11 years the customs districts 
from which the canned salmon was exported. Up to 1910 about 
two-thirds of the total exports have gone from the port of San Fran- 
cisco, while about one-fifth of the total passed through the port of 
Puget Sound, Wash. In 1910, however, the exports from Puget Sound 
exceeded those from San Francisco. The only other port through 
which any considerable quantity is shipped is New York City. It is 
usual now to load the salmon on steamers and sailing vessels at San 
Francisco and the Puget Sound cities to go direct to Europe. 

Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1910. 



Customs districts from which 


1900 


1901 


1902 


exported. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Atlantic ports: 


648 


$115 


334,580 


833,053 


324 
10 

172,110 
4,365,074 


$34 




1 


Boston and Charlestown, 


222,770 

3,485,32(1 

110,500 

1,012 




20, 488 
340,538 

9, 100 
81 


192,676 
7,960,104 

77,01)0 
582 


27,372 
847,294 

9,050 
72 


20,224 




407, 009 


Philadelphia, Pa 






480 
75 


60 


St. Johns, Fla.. 


7 


Norfolk and Portsmouth, 
Va . 






269, 3S0 


30,888 






400 


30 






Gulf ports: 

Key West, Fla 


100 
7,340 
47,0X5 

In, lot 

MO 

1,220 

4,859 


43 

816 

4,567 

1,869 

115 
9S 

291 








10,530 
28,332 

6,253 

108 

23,843 

2S9 


958 
2, 472 

71 if, 

21 

2, 134 

38 


11,032 
39,081 

23, 879 

300 

164, 167 

3,636 

48 

9,864,259 

6,202 

32,327,572 

155,500 


1,055 




3,910 


Mexican border ports: 


2, 350 


Brazos de Santiago, Tex... 

Paso del Norte, Tex 

Pacific ports: 


29 
13,119 

558 




4 




Li" ./-.■ 

3,094 

21,611,030 

76,800 


144,l).V.l 

2, 164,904 
5,320 


2,271,306 

3,574 
30,014,055 

43,318 

26,200 

101 


2X2,441 

293 

2, 983, 982 

3,517 

2,700 
10 


S72,912 

487 


San Francisco, Cal 


2,654,020 
11,250 


Northern border and Lake 
ports: 
















120 

24,000 
17 


12 

2,500 
2 








16,200 


1,800 


39,312 
50 


4,368 


Memphremagog, Vt 


5 








Total 


27,082,370 


2, 693, 648 


11,289,500 


4,230,271 


47,173,114 


3, 991, 402 






RECAPITULATION. 


3,820,656 

38,868 

30,2(i4 

23,168,445 

24,137 


370,302 
3,430 
2,861 

2,311,541 

2,51 I 


8,834,322 
55, 125 

20, 1 10 

: ! 2,:«7, 112 

42,501 


947,729 

5. 426 

2,082 

3,270,524 

4,510 


4,538,073 

50,116 

188,346 

42,357,217 

39, 362 


427,335 




4,965 




15,498 




3,539,231 


Northern border ami Lake 


4,373 







SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC (OAST. 147 

Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon', 1900 to 1910 — Continued. 



Customs districts from which 
exported. 



Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 

Bangor, Me 

Boston and Charlestown, 
Mass 

New York, N. Y 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Providence, R. I 

Gulf ports: 

Key West, Fla 

Mobile, Ala 

New Orleans, La 

Tampa, Fla 

Mexican border ports: 

Arizona 

Brazos de Santiago, Tex. . 

Paso del Norte, Tex 

Saluria, Tex 

Pacific ports: 

Alaska 

Hawaii 

Puget Sound, Wash 

San Diego, Cal 

San Francisco, Cal 

Willamette, Oreg 

Oregon, Oreg 

Northern border and Lake 
ports: 

Detroit, Mich 

North and South Dakota. . 

Superior, Mich 

Vermont, Vt 

Duluth, Minn 



Total. 



RECAPITULATION. 



Atlantic ports 

Gulf ports 

Mexican border ports 

Pacific ports 

Northern border and Lake 
ports 



Pounds. 



104,750 

5,627,654 

540 

685 



9,612 
44,404 



26,988 
"i03,"375 



16,527,456 

5,897 

27,448,182 

409, 444 
400 



74 
43,033 



50,353,334 



5,734,469 

54,016 

130, 363 

44,391,379 

43, 107 



Value. 



12,266 

599,393 
54 
63 



824 

4, 261 



8.938 



1904 



Pounds. 



490 
121 

2,400 

2, 129, 523 
587 



1,549,319 

421 

2,138.019 

29, 142 

25 



1,500 
9,203 
61,909 

180 

7,568 
96 

347,218 
366 

153,600 

48 

19, 766, 003 

5,678 

33. 212, 614 

224,549 



$50 
9 

215 
214,016 

42 



125 

811 

5, 503 

16 

745 

7 

23, nil 

30 

9,550 

7 

1,655,666 

422 

3,303,292 

10,628 



580 
20 



7 
5,164 



25 



4,350,791 55,924,278 



611,868 

5,085 

11,741 

3,716,926 

5,171 



2,133,121 

72, 792 

355,248 

53,362,492 

625 



5,224,598 



214,332 

6,455 

24, 183 

4,979,565 

63 



Pounds. 



576 
294 



2,683,775 
8,858 



460 

, 102 
, 999 



262,014 
6, 5S0 

4,848 

148 

4,444.562 

3,594 

27,498,325 

5.775 



28, SIX) 



35, 066, 555 



2,693,503 

97,561 

289,439 

31,957,252 

28,800 



266,./. 19 
576 



23 
561 

7,841 



20,687 
583 

557 

15 

326, 485 

259 

2,406,422 

531 



2, 364 



3,035,469 



267,263 

S, 425 

23,148 

2,731,269 

2,364 



Customs districts from which 


1906 


1907 


1908 


exported. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 


196 
3,275,875 

1,400 

100 


$21 

318, 128 

159 

13 


156 

2,313,335 
722 


$28 

227,646 

67 


301 
2, 332, 392 


$37 


New York.N. Y... 


226.8*0 


Philadelphia, Pa 

Portland and Falmouth, 
Me 


720 71 


St. Johns, Fla 


322 

40,213 

312 

11,675 

112,850 


38 

3,216 

25 

992 

10,217 


1,250 

292 

190 

10,823 

194,711 
104 


155 


Gulf ports: 


60 

890 

38, 267 

88,014 


8 

94 

3,031 

7,775 


23 




18 


Mobile, Ala 


1,051 


New Orleans, La 


18,144 


Sabine, Tex 


9 


Tampa, Fla 


24 
45,883 


2 
4,128 








Mexican border ports: 


34,479 


3,268 


43,035 

3ii, 931 1 

626,837 

22,887 

790 
144 


3,856 


Corpus Christ i , Tex 


2,775 


Paso del Norte, Tex 

Saluria, Tex 


387,568 
21,962 


30,336 

1,666 


513,202 
22,662 

305, 294 


42,54s 
1,960 

33,315 


56,147 
2,341 


Pacific ports: 

Alaska 


99 








14 


Los Angeles, Cal 


840 
17,286,930 

4,22s 

24,613.868 

540 


53 

1,499,819 

331 








Puget Sound, Wash 

San Diego, Cal 


9,340,000 

8. 456 


S4 ■> 982 

661 

1,012,199 

241 


6,351,440 

6,994 

18,601.705 

100 


528,558 
567 


San Francisco, Cal 

Willamette, Oreg 


1,969,214 12,502,876 
55 1 3,723 


1,597,735 
22 



148 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Exports, by Customs Districts, of Canned Salmon, 1900 to 1910 — Continued. 



Customs districts from which 
exported. 



Northern border and Lake 
ports: 

Huron, Mich 

Minnesota, Minn 

Oswegatchie, N. Y 

Vermont, \*t 



Total 

RECAPITULATION'. 



19011 



Pounds. 



177,734 



35 



Atlantic ports 3, 277, 571 



Gulf ports. 

Mexican border ports 

Pacific ports 

Northern border and Lake 
ports 



127,255 
455,413 
41,906,406 



Value. 



813,107 



45,944,414 3,847,943 



318,321 

10,910 

36, 130 

3,469,472 

13,110 



1907 



Pounds. 



Value. 



1908 



Pounds. 



,000 

48 

780 



S570 



25,218,105 2,183.049 28,226,045 



2.311,535 

L65.050 

570, 343 

22, 160, 349 

7,828 



227,779 

14, 450 

47,776 

1,892,398 

640 



2,334,663 

206, 120 

723.689 

24.961.173 

400 



Value. 



2,438,518 



227,113 
19,245 

6.-.. 1 19 
2, 126,995 

46 



Customs districts from which exported. 



Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 

Bangor, Me 

Boston and Chariest own, Mas 

New York, N. Y 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. . - 

Perth Amboy, N. 3 

Gulf ports: 

Galveston, Tex 

Key West, Fla 

Mobile, Ala 

New Orleans, La 

Tampa, Fla 

Mexican border port s: 

Arizona 

Brazos de Santiago, Tex 

Corpus Christi, Tex 

Paso del Norte, Tex 

Saluria, Tex 

Pacific ports: 

Alaska 

Los Angeles, Cal 

Puget Sound, Wash 

San Diego, Cal 

San Francisco, Cal 

Willamette, Ore:; 

Northern border and Lake ports: 

Detroit , Mich 

North and South Dakota 

Duluth, Minn 

Mont una and Idaho 



Total. 



RECAPITULATION. 



Atlantic ports 

Gulf ports 

Mexican border ports 

Paeific ports 

Northern border and Lake ports. 



Poun 



192 

216 

162,024 

,848,870 

405 

32, UK) 



876 
40 

13,505 
92,537 



27,735 
138 
26,220 
150,636 
14,399 

66.020 
13,370 

,858,552 
5, 546 

,761,656 



42,000 
12 



\ alue. 



Pounds. 



36,117,109 



4,043,807 
107,018 

'.'19. US 

31, 705. 144 

42,012 



$22 

25 

16,837 

390,266 

44 

2,739 



4 
1,247 

7,615 



2,733 
13 
2,450 
14,850 
1,528 

0.203 

934 

716,370 

400 

2,247,957 



3,990 

1 



3,410,436 



409,933 

8,954 

21,574 

2,971,984 

3,991 



3,000 

,999,480 

700 



214 

155 

340 

14,018 

103, 980 
66 

54, 425 
641 
27,365 
125, 169 
47,117 



9,229 
32, 406 ! 617 

6,355 

28,027,911 

78 



33,200 
600 



63,860,696 



3,003,430 

118,559 

254,717 

60, 450, 190 

33,800 



Value. 



$3 



280 

305,732 



18 

12 

27 
1,322 

8,187 
6 

4,612 

64 

2,414 

11,560 

2,853 



820 
3,331,174 

583 

2,641,608 

11 



,800 

83 



6,314,258 



306,122 
9,554 

21,503 
5,974.196 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



149 



EXPORTS OF FRESH AND CURED SALMON. 

The following table shows, by countries, the value of the exports 
of fresh and cured salmon for the period 1900 to 1910, inclusive. As 
with the canned salmon, the greater part of these exports go to 
European countries, Germany taking by far the largest quantity. 
A small portion of this is salmon caught in eastern waters. 

Exports, by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon', 

1900 to J!) 10. 



Exported to - 


moo 


1901 


10H2 


1903 


1904 


1905 


North America: 


$88 
7 


$14 
9 


$11 


$21 
22 




$246 




$120 

418 
3,572 
25,913 

340 
1 

2 

40 
107 


94 


Dominion of Canada- 




3 


Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, etc .... 


1,516 
80,652 

220 


2,555 

53,922 

703 


1,051 
125,910 

218 


6,083 

53,592 

178 
11 

1 
78 


7,499 
10, 299 


Central American States— 

Costa Rica 


192 
208 






5 
20 


26 




53 


40 


75 




315 






22 
004 

939 
370 
31 
107 
122 
191 




7 
1,397 

5, 150 
114 

84 
177 
199 

54 






1,330 

943 
429 
12 
195 
120 
1S1 
1.214 
998 


1 , 925 

2, 348 
273 
38 
293 
315 
104 


1.200 

3,867 

194 

13 
197 
273 

11 


1,136 


West Indies — 


4,999 


Cuba 


162 

67 


Dutch 


238 




100 




124 








070 


85 


57 


14 

143 


26 


South America: 


1,641 








1,200 

419 








172 
142 

410 


38 


385 

70 
441 


227 
104 
17 


1.100 


Chile 






223 


057 

05 

30 
286 
134 

27 
245 






15 


Guiana 

British 

Dutch 

French 


30 

400 
420 
20 
90 

3 


82 
220 
290 


202 
11 

434 
02 
25 


00 
700 
251 
194 


101 
176 
65 
112 




42 


108 


Europe: 


123 
4,750 
2,315 

57 
1.001,944 


85 




1,002 
15,285 

300 

320,309 


88 

10,904 








378 

180 

300,291 


053 


22,952 








470, 057 


741,034 


1 ,666, 787 




158 


Italy 












100 




475 
50 


55 
184 


2S0 
3,023 


28 

4.127 
12,765 








3,105 

12,295 


300 




7,896 




300 






2,574 












56 




7 


5,595 


5,685 












1,838 
8,523 

54 


17,770 




38, 959 


1,528 
400 




990 

9 
15 

30 


29, 355 


Asia: 


25 


201 








East Indies- 




121 


71 


115 
275 

462 
470 


135 


Dutch 








507 

2,807 

10 

39, 867 




519 
25,228 


1,840 
3,499 


4,797 




14,516 


25, 037 






Oceania: 


CIS 


33, 785 

340 

1,325 

13 


31,503 

29 

1,877 

948 


25, 208 

27 

1,838 

977 


21,595 




22 






1,729 


2,299 




861 




57 
58,870 


3,420 




Hawaii 











a Sweden and Norwa y separated in 1898. 



150 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Exports, by Countries Receiving, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 

1900 to 1910— Continued. 



Exported to — 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


1904 


1905 


Oceania— Continued . 






$384 


$478 


$13 


$308 




$636 


$215 






10 

304 
21 








Africa: 

British Africa- 
West 












South 


170 

85 


24 


12 


859 


114 














5 














Total 


535.276 


4LV73S 


694, 435 


809,352 


1,163,489 


1,832,655 






RECAPITULATION. 


87, 964 

1,702 

340, 643 

3,324 

101,388 

255 


60, 416 

901 

344,368 

15,037 

5,982 

24 


132, 704 

3,063 

496, 637 

25,843 

35, 863 

325 


67,225 

1,690 

760, 197 

5,393 

34, 835 

12 


36, 408 

1,822 

1,094,950 

1,382 

28, 063 

864 


25,809 




3,438 




1,748,039 




30, 170 
25.085 




114 







Exported to- 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


North America: 


$173 
14 

32, 925 

46 
40 


$20 


$23 
1,030 

16, 964 

189 

902 

2, 451 

1,317 

1,878 

460 

975 
104 
39 


$68 


$630 






Dominion of Canada— Nova Scotia, 


18, 785 
213 


21,973 

217 
18 


23,559 


Central American States- 


197 




62 




92 

27 

2,211 

528 

208 
371 
108 
93 
16 
277 
255 

500 






39 

380 

1,231 

1 , 046 
128 
30 
94 


31 
175 
199 

4,890 
121 
165 
49 
14 
335 
128 


11 




775 




555 


West Indies- 


3,007 




97 




42 


Dutch 


78 




19 

678 
228 


19 


Haiti 


97 
100 

85 
308 

15 
105 


283 




313 


South America: 








120 


3,029 


Chile 


20 

67 
391 

5 

133 

36 

1,103 

36 


56 
90 






22 

290 

70 
271 

21 
555 


167 






Guiana — 


218 

287 

57 

1,317 

208 


48 
130 

75 
118 


823 


Dutch 


217 




695 








311 






10 




Europe: 




95 








114 

36, 023 




410 

81, 195 

250 

1,038,530 






108, 269 

150 

1,601,166 


90,015 


83,580 




415 




1,670,366 

137 

793 

9,303 


1,422,846 


1,223,595 


Italy 






204 
11,390 
1,650 
140 
55 
23,409 
48, 237 

293 


2,947 
22, 104 








22, 917 


45,885 












14,735 

289 

23,670 

43, 952 

41 

18 


5,260 












32, 554 
26, 196 

3,391 

63 


21,540 
28,083 

170 

66 


42, 725 




66,555 


Asia: 


89 


East Indies — 


60 


Dutch . 




41 




1,339 
88,068 


687 

18,395 

3 

6 


13 
3,592 


809 
2,772 


10 




90 




3 






121 












55 



SALMON FISHERIES OP PACIFIC COAST. 



151 



Extorts, by Countries Receiving, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 
1900 to 1910— Continued. 



Exported to— 


1906 


1907 


1908 


1909 


1910 


Oceania: 


$15, 169 

21 

2,154 

74!) 
821 

20 
40 


$23, L86 


$26,591 
11 

1,7".' 
373 


$25,466 


$22,826 




89 




2,136 

1,11 2 
12, 287 


1,528 

1,229 

712 


1,886 




1,189 




2,089 


Africa: 




1,268 
















198 












289 














Total 


1,927,464 


1,878,743 


1.648,044 


1,288,560 


1 , 532, 640 






RECAPITULATION. 


36, 943 

2,000 

1,776,086 

92,861 

18,914 

60 


23,204 

2,351 

1,794,885 

19,384 

38,721 

198 


27,263 

517 

1,587,535 

■ 3,962 
28, 767 


28, 383 
1,365 

l, 2 ::<, ins 

3,040 

28, 935 

289 


29,688 




5,242 




1 , 468, 015 
348 






28,079 




1,268 









The exports of domestic fresh and cured salmon from 1900 to 1910, 
inclusive, are shown below, by customs districts. The greater part 
of the shipments pass through the New York City customs district: 



Exports, 



by Customs Districts, op Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., Salmon, 
1900 to 1910. 



Customs districts from which exported. 



Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 

Bangor, Me 

Belfast, Me 

Boston and Charlestown, Mass. 

New York, N. Y 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Portland and Falmouth, Me. . . 

Savannah, Ga 

Gulf ports: 

Mobile, Ala 

New Orleans, La 

Mexican border ports: 

Arizona 

Brazos de Santiago, Tex 

Corpus Christi, Tex 

Paso del Norte, Tex 

Saluria, Tex 

Pacific ports: 

Alaska 

Oregon, Oreg 

Puget Sound, Wash 

San Diego, Cal 

San Francisco, Cal 

Willamette, Oreg 

Northern border and Lake ports: 

Champlain, N. Y 

Detroit, Mich 

Genesee, N. Y 

Huron, Mich 

Memphremagog, Vt 

Montana and Idaho 

North and South Dakota 

Superior, Mich 

Vermont, Vt 



Total . 



recapitulation. 



Atlantic ports 

Gulf ports 

Mexican border ports 

Pacific ports 

Northern border and Lake ports . 



$12 

16 

346,853 

10 

11 

22 



414 
700 



2,377 



80, 493 

108 

102,666 



2 
523 



346,924 



1,192 
185,644 

1,516 



330,805 

68 



13 
67 
370 

12,422 

17,500 

55,727 

19 

7,030 



1,464 
742 



6 

162 



115 



426, 738 



330,890 

5 

535 

92,698 

2,610 



$158 



12 

34 

503,219 



143 

416 



13 

1 , 42S 



150,900 

20 

36,958 



449 
24 



225 
6 



694,435 



503,439 
143 

1 , 857 

188,177 

819 



52 

760,128 

1,151 

47 



30 



115 
19 
30 



1,063 
4,375 



5\,27s 

34 

36,331 



1,542 



869,352 



767, 397 

30 

1,227 

99,018 

1,680 



418 

1,102,542 

7 
60 



8 
116 



4 
208 

Ml 



1,003 



29,212 

73 

25,851 

28 

1,183 

1,393 

26 



24 
378 



1,163,489 



1,103,034 

124 

1,160 

56, 167 

3,004 



1 , 757, 742 
'"79 



14 



206 

777 



1,184 



36, 145 

4 

27,939 

1,500 

2,142 
4,445 



6 

247 

33 

22 



1,832,655 



1,757,832 

159 

997 

66,772 

6,895 



152 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Exports, by Customs Districts, of Domestic Pickled, Fresh, etc., 

1900 to 1910— Continued. 



Salmon, 



Customs districts from which exported. 



Atlantic ports: 

Baltimore, Md 

Bangor, Me 

Belfast, Me 

New York, N. Y 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Portland and Falmouth, Me. . 
Gulf ports: 

Mobile, Ala 

New Orleans, La 

Mexican border ports: 

Arizona 

Brazos de Santiago, Tex 

Paso del Norte, Tex 

Saluria, Tex 

Pacific ports: 

Alaska 

Puget Sound, Wash 

San Diego, Cal 

San Francisco, Cal 

W illamette, Oreg 

Hawaii 

Northern border and Lake ports: 

Buffalo Creek, N. Y 

Cape Vincent, N. Y 

Champlain, N. Y 

Detroit, Mich 

Duluth, Minn 

Huron, Mich 

Memphremagog, \ T t 

Minnesota, Minn 

Montana and Idaho 

North and South Dakota 

Vermont, Vt 



Total . 



RECAPITULATION. 



Atlantic ports 

Gulf ports 

Mexican border port s 

Pacific ports 

Northern border and Lake ports. 



1906 



$11 



15 

781,330 

105 

15 

14 



8 
80 

44,436 
63,626 

44 
31,500 



992 
3,954 



1,927,464 



1,781,476 

14 

788 

139,606 

5,580 



1,780,105 



ILL". IS 



276 

134 

290 



151 

44,492 



28,984 



92 
4,333 

1,972 



1,590,757 



14 

128 

7, 098 

13 

"t.Vi 



803 

14,370 

28 

29,112 



1 , 359 
1,667 



52 

92 

3 

161 



1,878,743 



45 

20 

1,387 



1,648,044 



1,797,411 

270 

424 

73,927 

0,705 



1,590,778 

7,220 

107 

44,313 

5,500 



$31 

58 

11 

1,230,430 



37. 



59 
154 



1,230,542 

49 

25 

50, 834 

7,110 



197 

212 

22,666 

12 

27,028 
3 



598 
"68 



1,419 



1,532,640 



1,479,050 

74 

202 

50,521 

2,187 



IMPORTS OF FRESH SALMON. 



For some years it was the custom of the canneries on Puget 
Sound, when fish were scarce on the American side and abundant on 
the Canadian side, to import fresh salmon to fill out the domestic 
supply, and the Canadian canneries would do the same when the 
conditions were reversed. In 1904 the Canadian Government pro- 
hibited the export of fresh salmon to Puget Sound for packing pur- 
poses, and in 1910 an effort was made to have Congress retaliate by 
enacting a similar law for this side of the line, but the bill failed of 
passage. The reciprocity agreement with Canada now before Congress 
provides for the free entry of fresh fish and would permit the can- 
neries of either country to import salmon as they wished. This 
agreement, if adopted, will undoubtedly be of considerable impor- 
tance to the Puget Sound canneries in securing full packs in certain 
poor years. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



153 



The table below shows the yearly imports of fresh salmon from 
British Columbia: 

Imports of Fresh Salmon from British Colt mbia, Canada, for a Series of 

Years. 



Year. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Year. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Year. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1890 

1891 


4,660 
4,950 
6,288 
64,811 
3,872 
1 1,000 
11,799 


$241 
170 
301 

3,639 
219 

1,403 
419 


1897 

1898 

1899 

1900 

1901 



1903 


93,454 
11,580 

19,404 
27,072 
22,353 

6,860 


$2,681 

278 

4,101 

2,050 
739 
343 


1904 

1905 


40,610 

1,015 

3,457,738 

1 13,224 

8,S80 

41,073 

198,251 


81,025 
35 


L892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 


1900 

1907 

1909 

1910 


64,408 

4,131 

795 

2,346 

10,116 



IMPORTS OF CURED SALMON. 



Below are shown the imports into this country of foreign-cured 
salmon, the product of the Pacific salmon fisheries, from 1886 to 1909, 
inclusive. 

Imports of Foreign Pickled Pacific Salmon, L886 to 1009. 



Year. 


British Columbia. 


Japan. 


Hongkong, 


l; ussia, Asiatic 


Total. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


Pounds. 


Value. 


1886 


5,600 

200 

86,000 

18,200 

600 

200 


$224 

4 

1,031 

860 

36 

5 










5,600 

200 

86,000 

18,200 

600 

200 


8224 


1 887 












4 


1888 












4,031 


1889 












860 


1890 












36 


1891. - 












5 


L892. . 


:::::::::: 














1893 


5.47S 

149,410 

6,550 

6,530 

6,890 

4, 145 

15,875 

162,558 

165.243 

175,411 

161,549 

282,210 

282,027 

35,475 

6,393 

13,230 

30,710 

111,645 


291 

17,592 

250 

474 

156 

188 

1,554 

11,061 

11,225 

13.794 

11,756 

23,319 

25,584 

1,730 

322 

631 

1 , 523 

5,505 














5,478 

162,485 

7.150 

6,530 

6,890 

14,045 

a 16,032 

163,158 

165,243 

176,017 

161,909 

283,610 

285,042 

40,985 

7.H7:; 

17,415 

34,247 


291 


1894 






1,200 
600 


829 
13 


11,875 




17,919 


1895 






263 


1896 










474 


1897 














156 


IS! Is 











9,870 


266 


456 


1899 






a 1 , 560 


1900 


600 












11,102 


191 II 










11.225 


1902 


i ;i it i 
360 
1,400 
3,015 
5,510 
680 
4,185 
3,537 


28 

18 

52 

133 

17.-, 
31 

174 

lis 










13,822 


1903 








1 1 . 774 


1904 








23,371 


1905 










25.717 


1906 










1,905 


1907 










333 


L908 










805 


L909. 










1,617 


1910 




























a Includes 157 pounds, valued at 86, from china. 



XI. SALMON CULTURE. 

CALIFORNIA. 
HISTORY. 

The first fish-cultural station on the Pacific coast was located on 
McCloud River, a stream of the Sierra Nevada Mountains emptying 
into Pitt River, a tributary to the Sacramento, 323 miles nearly due 
north of San Francisco. The site on the west bank of the river, 
about 3 miles above the mouth, was chosen after investigation of a 
number of places on the Sacramento, by Air. Livingston Stone, one 
of America's pioneer fish culturists, and the station was named Baird, 
in honor of the then Commissioner of Fisheries, Prof. Spencer F. 
Baird. Although the season had nearly passed when the station 
was sufficiently advanced to handle eggs, 50,000 eggs were secured, 
and while 20,000 were lost, owing to the excessive heat, the remaining 
30,000 were shipped east, all of which were eventually lost but 7,000 
fry, which were planted in the Susquehanna River, in Pennsylvania. 

The main object of the hatchery the first few years was to secure 
eggs to ship to the East for the purpose of introducing Pacific salmon 
in the waters in that section. The Commission early made an agree- 
ment with the State of California, however, under which the latter 
at first paid part of the expense, and the Commission hatched and 
planted a portion of the take in the McCloud River. Later, part of 
the eggs were turned over to the State, which hatched and planted 
the salmon in local waters. 

In 1881 the station buildings were washed away in a freshet, but 
were immediately rebuilt. From 1884 to 1887, both inclusive, all 
operations were suspended. 

In 1889 a hatchery was established at Fort Gaston, on the Army 
reservation in the Hoopa Indian Reservation in Humboldt County, 
but it was not put into operation until 1890. As the reservation 
was abolished on July 1, 1892, the Commission took complete charge 
of the plant, and in 1893 established a tributary station on Redwood 
Creek. The same year Korbel station was established about one- 
half mile above Korbel, on Mad River, in Humboldt County. Owing 
to the lack of money this station was closed in the fiscal year 1896, 
but was reopened during the fiscal year 1897. 

That same year the Commission erected, on ground owned by the 

State, a hatchery at Battle Creek, in Tehama County, and also took 

charge of and operated the hatchery erected at this place by the 

State fish commission the previous year. LTnder the terms of an 

154 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 155 

agreement the Commission was to deliver to the State as many eyed 
spawn as the latter could hatch at Sisson, its own station. 

Owing to their inaccessibility, the Fort Gaston hatchery and its 
substations were abandoned in 1898. The same year an experi- 
mental station was established at Olema, Bear Valley, in Marin 
County, whence eggs were transferred from Baird station, hatched 
out here, and planted in Olema Creek in order to see if they could 
not be domesticated here, where they had not been found pre- 
viously. 

During the fiscal year 1902 a substation was established on Mill 
Creek, a stream which has its source in the foothills of the Sierra 
Mountains, in the northeastern part of Tehama County, and empties 
into the Sacramento River from the east about a mile above the 
town of Tehama. The eggs are retained here until eyed and then 
shipped to other hatcheries. 

As stated above, the State aided the work of the United States 
Fish Commission in a financial way and also by hatching and dis- 
tributing the eggs turned over to its care. In 1885 the State legis- 
lature passed a bill authorizing the establishment of a hatchery of 
its own, and the same year such a station was built upon Hat Creek 
about 2\ miles above its junction with Pitt River, a tributary of 
the Sacramento River. As the work of the first few seasons devel- 
oped that the location was unsuitable, the hatchery was removed 
in 1888 to Sisson, in Siskiyou County. The work of this hatchery 
was to handle the eggs turned over to it by the United States Fish 
Commission. 

In 1895 another hatcher}' was built by the State near the mouth 
of Battle Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River. In 1896 and 
1897 this hatchery was operated jointly b\^ the State and the United 
States Fish Commission while awaiting the appropriation of money 
by the Commission to purchase it from the State. 

In the fall of 1897 a hatchery was established by the State on 
Price Creek, a tributary of Eel River, in Humboldt County, and in 
1902 this hatchery made the hrst plant in the State of steelhead 
trout fry. 

Santa Cruz Count)' has had a hatchery at Brookdale for a number 
of years. 

OUTPUT. 

The following tables show separately the quantity of eggs, fry, 
etc., distributed by the United States Fish Commission and the 
State since the inception of the work. The large quantity of eggs 
shown by the Commission represents largely the eggs supplied to 
the State, which hatched and distributed them, and eggs sent to 
other States and to foreign countries. 



156 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Output of Hatcheries Owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 





Chinook. 


Silver fry. 


Steelhead trout. 


Total, 


June 30a _ 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 




30, 000 
1.400,000 
4,155,000 
6,250,000 
5,065,000 
4,983,000 
7. MO. (Kill 
4,250,000 
3,800,000 
4,300,000 










30,000 
1,400,000 
4,155,000 
6,250,000 
5,065,000 
4,983,000 
7. M0, 000 
4, 250. ooo 
3,800,000 
4.300,000 




1873 












1874 


850,000 
1,750,000 

1, :,oo, 000 
2,000,000 
2,500,000 

2,000,000 

3, 100. 000 

3,991,750 

770. L25 

1,500.000 

84,000 

777.000 

315,500 

1.100. 100 

138,500 

500, 000 

715,700 

3,056,701 

15,643,300 

3, '275. 110 

3,533,950 

889,570 

2,115.560 

1. ois, ooo 

2,350, 130 

7,561,380 

2,512,250 
4,780,855 
3,590,078 
2,286,257 








850,000 


1875 








1,750.000 


1876 








1,500,000 


1877 








2,000,000 


1878 








2,500,000 


] 879 








2,300,000 


1880 








2,000.000 


1881 








3,100.000 


1882 








3,991,750 












776, 125 


[889 6 


3,450,000 
1,554,000 
2,988,000 
2,902,000 
3,530,000 
7,500,000 
3,676,000 
6,170,800 
18,232,590 
30,605,000 
27,665,000 

3,934,036 
17,580,410 
11,275,777 
64,598,354 
96,025,765 
107,905,945 
73,376,315 
64,990,550 
32,278,205 
30,539,467 






3,450,000 
1,554.000 
2,988,000 
2, 002, 000 
3.530.O00 
7.575,000 
3,070,000 
6,345,800 
18,282.590 
30,665,000 
27. OO:,. 000 
2.025,000 
3,934,036 
17,580,410 
11.275,777 
64,598,354 
96,025,765 
107, OO,",, 045 
73,376,315 
64,990,550 
32,278,265 
30,539,467 


1,500,000 


1890 






84,000 


1891 








777.000 


1892 








315,500 


1893 








1,190.100 


1894 . 


2X0,1(00 

cl, 250,000 


7:,. 000 


308,500 

SI, 184,500 

107,808 

257.000 

07,0,000 


1,027,000 




2,934,500 


1896 


17.-., 000 

;,o,ooo 

00.000 


823,508 


1897... 


298, 137 


3,611,838 


1898 


16,293,300 


1899 




3,275,110 


1900 








3.533.950 


1901 








889,570 




* 






2,115.560 










1, CIS, 066 


1904 








2,350,130 










7,561,380 


1906 








3,496,405 




2,512,250 


1908 








4,780,855 


1909 








3,590,078 


1910 








2,286,257 












Total 


655,746,274 




1,828,137 




2.507,808 


656,100.274 


87,334,232 



a The calendar year was used up to 1889. 

6 The hatchery was closed from 1884 to 1888. 

c Includes 560,000 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 



d Includes 332,000 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 
t Includes 138 fingerlings, yearlings, or adults. 



Output of Hatcheries Owned by the State of California. 





Chinook. 


Steel- 
head 
fry. 


Total. 


"V ear. 


Eggs. 


Fry/! 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1873 




520,000 

850,000 

2,250,000 

2, 000, con 
2,200,000 

2,500,000 
2,300,000 

2. 225, 000 
2, 120,000 
3,991,750 

000.000 
150.000 
200.000 
1.290,000 
2,168,000 
1,320,000 
2,798.000 
2,651.000 
3,941,650 






520,000 


1874 






850,000 


1875 

1876 ! 




250,000 


2,250.000 




2,000,000 


1877 






2.200,000 


1S7S 






2.500.000 


1S79 






2,300,000 


1880 






2.225,000 


1881 






2. 120.000 


1882 






3,991,750 


1884 






600,000 


1 886 






150,000 


1887 






200.000 


1888 






1,290,000 


1 881 1 






2,168,000 


1890 






1,320,000 


1891 






2. 70S, OOO 


1892 






2,651,000 


1893 ! 






3,941,650 



a The greater part of the output of Chinook fry was from eggs supplied by the United States 
Fisheries hatcheries in California. 
b All were lost. 



Bureau of 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 157 

Output of Hatcheries Owned by the State of California — Continued. 



Year. 


Chinook. 


Steel- 
head 
fry. 


Total. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1894 




7,776, 100 
3,435,000 
15,283, 183 
18,123,000 






7,776,400 
3,435,000 


189.5 








1896 








15,283, 183 


1897 








18 123.000 


1898. 








31 I7<i 388 


1899 




21,234,000 

2, .530, 000 
3,239,000 
16,852,040 
20,040, 187 
63,632,000 
87,000,000 
105,815.920 
71.207.01)0 
00.019,01)0 
28,000,000 
28, 409, 745 






21 234 0(H) 


1900 - 






2 536 ooo 


190J . . . 








3 239 ooo 


1902 




301,000 
120.000 
90.000 

108,000 

243,000 
352,000 

170.000 

.517,000 
007. soo 




17.15:; 040 


1903 






20,160,487 


1904 






63 7"" ooo 


1905 




y • ■ 


87,108,000 
106,058,920 

71,019,000 

60 789 ihh) 


1906 




1907 






1908. . . 






1909 






28,517,000 


1910 






29,137,545 








Total 


250,000 


621,174,563 


2,568,800 


250,000 


623,743,363 





DISTRIBUTION. 

The following table shows, by streams and species, the distribution 
in California of the eggs, fry, etc., from the hatcheries of the United 
States Fish Commission and the State. This far from represents the 
work of the hatcheries, as large quantities of eggs were sent to other 
States and foreign countries. 

Distribution of Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters of California. 





Klamath River and tributaries. 


Redwood Creek and tributaries. 


Year. 


( Ihinook. 


Silver. 


Chinook. 


Silver. Steel- 

bead. 




Fry. 


Year- 
lings. 


Fry. 


A. lulls 
and year- 
ling! . 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Adults 
and year- 


Fry. 


1890 


90.000 
30,000 

147.000 
487,200 














1891 








• 
142,500 
170.000 








1892 
























1895 




300,000 


160,000 


140,000 


400,000 










0.5.700 

280,250 

1,260,000 


107,808 
202 000 


189. 










121.750 




189S 


16,000 
40,000 










650,000 


L903 
























Total 


810 800 


25,000 


300,000 




204,750 


400,000 


959,808 











158 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Distribution op Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters of California — Con. 



Year. 



1881. 
1894. 
1895. 
1897. 



Mad River and North Fork. 



Chinook. 



Fry. 



1900. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 



Total. 



145,365 



Fry. 



280,000 

470, 000 
i 73. 387 



923,387 



Steel- 
head. 



Frv. 



308.500 



60.000 



Eel River. 



Chinook. 



66,061,755 



Steel- 
head. 



Fry. 



301,000 

120.0H0 
90, 000 



243,000 
352,000 



349,000 



Rus- 
sian 
River. 



Chi- 
nook. 



Skaggs 
Springs. 



Chi- 
nook. 



Fry. Fry. 



15,000 15,000 



25,000 



1,455,000 40,000 15,000 



Marin 

County 
creeks. 



Chinook. 



Fry. 



635,000 

1,970,000 

900.000 



25,000 



3,530,000 





Sacramento River and tributaries. 


San 
Fran- 
cisco 
Bay 
streams 


San 

Gre- 

gorio 

River. 


Pesca- 

dero 

Creek. 


Monterey 
Bay and 

tributaries. 


Year. 


Chinook. 


Steel- 
head. 


Chi- 
nook. 


Chi- 
nook. 


Chi- 
nook. 


Chinook. 


- 


F.ggs. 


Fry. 


Year- 
lings, 
finger- 

lincs,and 
adults. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


1873 


20,000 


520.000 

850,000 

2,000,000 

2,000,000 

2,200,000 

2,500,(11)11 

2.300,000 

2,225,000 

2,300,500 

3,991,750 

600, 000 

150, 000 

200.000 

1 , 290, 000 

3,66S,000 

1,404,000 

3,520,000 

2, 676, 500 

4.474,750 

8,214, ?W 

3.935.000 

15.683,183 

19,264,086 

33.998,300 

16,307,110 

5,184,950 

4,128.570 

16.898,100 

16,359,606 

60,782,130 

94,561,380 

100,038,552 

66,209,250 

59,245,855 

26,090,000 














1874 














1875 


a 250, 000 












1876 














1877 
















1878 
















1879 
















1880 
















1 SSI 








20,000 


15,000 


15,000 


30,000 


1882 


80.300 








1884 














1886 
















1887 




. 


.;.. 








18SS 















1889 
















1890 . 
















1891 
















1892 
















1893 














1894 






4.',. 00(1 










1S95 














1896 




256,666 












1897 














1898 
















1899. 


85,200 














1900 














1901 
















1902 
















190.3 
















1904 
















1905 






108,000 










1906 












900, ooo 


1907 






135,000 
170,000 

168,000 








1,200,000 


1908 












800,000 


1909 




























Total 


435,500 


585,771,472 


250, 000 


026,000 


20,000 


15,000 


15,000 


2,930,000 







a All were lost. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 159 

Distribution of Salmon Eggs, Fry, etc., in the Waters op California — Con. 





Monterey Bay 

and tributa- 
ries. 


Truckee 
River. 


Total. 


Year. 


Silver. 


Steel- 
head. 


Chinook. 


Chinook. 


Silver. 


Steel- 
head. 




Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Year- 
lings, 
finger- 
lings, 
and 
adults. 


Fry. 


Adults 
and 
year- 
lings. 


Fry. 










20,000 


520. 000 
850,000 

2,250.000 
2, 000. OOO 
2,200,000 

2.500.000 

2,300,000 
2,225,000 

2.420.500 
3,991,750 

1,00.0(11! 










['74. . 
















1S75 






250,000 250,000 










] 876 . . . 














1877 















1878.. . 














1879. 
















1880. . .. 
















] SSI . . . 






10,001) 












[882 






SO. MOO 












































]s^7 






1 


200.000 
1, "90. 000 
3,668.000 
1 , 494, 000 
3.575.000 
2,966,600 
5.131.950 
8,214,900 
3,935,000 
15,748,883 
20.324.701 

25,409,110 

0.072.950 

4.128,570 

IS. 907. 000 

5,297,947 

65,982,130 

102.661.3S0 

110,204.472 

ii0.199.s55 
31.590,000 








1888. . . 














1889 
















1890 
















1 891 


















1892.. . 










25, ( 
























1894 










250.000 


280,000 

910.000 




353,500 












500.000 




[896 










107, SOS 


1897. 










298 1 T 




262 000 














050.000 










85,200 




















1901 


















1902 
















301 , 000 


















120 ooo 


1904 
















90,000 


[90S 














108,000 


1900 
















243.000 


[907 


SO 000 

Ml, (HID 

42,000 










80.000 
80,000 
42,000 




487,000 






170,000 
518, 200 


1909 


1,200 
















Total 


202, 000 


1 200 , 5>fin noo 


435.500 


045,201,236 


275,000 


1,690,137 


500.000 


3, 410, 50S 











OREGON. 
HATCHERIES ON COASTAL STREAMS. 

Rogue Elver. — In 1.S77 Mr. R. T>. Hume, who had been packing 
salmon on this river for some years, erected a hatchery at Ellens- 
burgh. In 18SS the Oregon Legislature appropriated a sum of 
money for the enlargement and support of this hatchery, Mr. 
Hume to retain complete control. As the location is on tidewater 
it is necessaiy to catch the parent fish and hold them until they are 
ready to spawn, and in order to do this Mr. Hume had an excavation 
32 by 62 feet and 11 feet deep made in the bank of the river. This 
was lined with concrete 1 foot thick, which, when filled with water, 
made a pond 30 by 60 feet and 10 feet deep. Over the entire pond 
he constructed a building which could be closed up so as virtually to 
101379°— 11 — -11 



160 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

exclude the light. It is supposed that retaining the fish in a dark 
place aids in keeping them in good physical condition until ready to 
spawn. The death of Mr. Hume in 1908 may lead to the abandon- 
ment of this hatchery, unless the State or Government takes it over. 

In 1897 Mr. Hume built and equipped a hatchery on the upper 
Rogue River at the mouth of Elk Creek, about 26 miles from the 
town of Central Point, in Jackson County, and, in pursuance of an 
understanding with the United States Fish Commission, the latter 
operated then and still continues to operate this plant. 

In 1900 the Government established an auxiliary station for the 
collection of steelhead trout eggs on Elk Creek, about 10 miles above 
the main station. In 1905 a substation was operated at Grants Pass, 
while during the fiscal year 1908 substations were operated at Findley 
Eddy, on the Rogue River, Illinois River, and Applegate Creek, 
tributaries of the Rogue. 

Many of the eggs gathered at the upper Rogue River stations were 
shipped to Mr. Hume's hatchery, on the lower river, and there hatched 
out and planted. 

Coquille River. — The State formerly had a hatchery on this river, 
but it was abandoned during the winter of 1902-3. In the winter 
of 1904-5 a substation was established on one of the tributaries 
of the Coquille River, about 6 miles from the South Coos River 
hatchery, and was used in hatching eggs brought to it from the latter 
place. 

Coos River. — A hatchery was built by the State in 1900 on the South 
Coos River, about 20 miles from the town of Marshfield. 

Umpqua River. — In 1900 the State built a hatchery on the north 
fork of the Umpqua River, near the town of Glide and about 24 miles 
east of Roseburg. In 1901 a station was established farther up the 
north fork, at the mouth of Steamboat Creek. After working here 
two years the station was moved a couple of miles farther up the 
stream. In 1907 work was resumed again at the original station near 
Glide, as winter freshets had seriously damaged the upper station. 

Siuslaw River. — In 1893 the State erected a hatchery on Knowles 
Creek, a tributary of the Siuslaw River, about 20 miles above the 
mouth of the river. It was turned over to the United States Fish 
Commission to operate, but no fish came up to the hatchery because 
the fishermen lower down stretched their nets entirely across the 
river. 

In 1897 and 1898 the United States Fish Commission operated a 
hatchery owned by a Mr. McGuire and located close to Mapleton, 
about 2 miles below the head of tidewater. 

In 1902 the State established an experimental station at the Bailey 
place, near Meadow post office. In 1907 a permanent station was 
established by the State on Land Creek fork of the Siuslaw River. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



161 



Alsea River. — In 1902 the State established a station on the Willis 
Vidito place, near the town of Alsea. In 1907 an experimental 
station was established on this river at the mouth of Rock Creek, 
about 14 miles above the head of tidewater. 

Yaquina River. — In 1902 the State established a hatching station 
on the Big Elk River, a tributary of Yaquina River, about 3 miles 
above its confluence with the main river. This station was made 
permanent the next year. 

Tillamook Bay. — In 1902 the State established a station on Wilson 
River, a tributaiy of Tillamook Bay, and about 8 miles above tide 
water. In 1906 the station was removed to the Trask River, a tribu- 
tary of Tillamook Bay. 

DISTRIBUTION. 

The following table shows the distribution of fry in the coastal 
streams of the State by the Government and the State. 

Distribution of Salmon Fry in the Coastal Streams of Oregon. 





Tillamook Bay and tributaries. 


Yaquina River. 


Alsea River. 


Year ending June 
30— 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Steel- 
head. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Steel- 
head. 


Chinook. 


Silver- 
side. 




Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


1898 


19,994 
















1901 






213,500 

557. 7(H) 

3,144,380 

1,407,470 

816,608 

1,919,508 

2, 193, 043 

485,500 

324, 038 










1903 


251,875 
799, 300 










67, 750 




1904 






985,220 
3, 009, 075 
4,178,000 
1,955,793 

909,855 

1,006,309 

28,815 






1905 






780, 500 

1,033,150 

376, 245 


1,000,000 
806, 938 


1,000,000 


1906 








1,785,351 


1907 


312,700 
2, 124, 000 


2,648,000 
1,629,000 
4,896,000 
3,506,990 




1908... 




199, 700 


812, 300 


1909 


569, 690 
2,309,770 




1910 


624,800 
















Total 


4, 132, 669 


12, 679, 990 


2, 879. 460 


11, "061, 747 


12,073,067 


2, 189, 895 


2,074,388 


3,597,651 





Siuslaw River. 


Umpqua 
River. 


Coos Bay and tributaries. 


Year ending June 30— 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Steel- 
head. 


Chinook. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Steel, 
head. 




Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


1897 


180,000 
440,275 

2, 700, 000 
213, 500 
112,000 
389, 239 
822, 567 
435, 162 

1,826,531 
608, 949 
729, 130 
191,267 
273, 352 














1898 














1899 














1901 






730,000 
1,136,000 
1,596,213 

1,399,860 
2,654.925 
4,903,700 
4,685,900 
2, 378, 853 
4,093,848 
5,686,273 


235,000 
2,416,350 






1902 


214, 800 








1903 








1904 






4,079,274 
3, 877, 172 
2,744,000 
4,014,400 
3, 000, 000 
2,084,500 
1,683,738 






1905 


311,900 
1,296,732 
1,030,486 
1,127,293 
1,092,540 
25, 289 








1906 


397,355 






1907 






1908 








1909 


98, 243 


1,032,000 


222,000 


1910 










Total 


8,921,972 


5,099,040 


495,598 


29,205,572 


24,134,434 


1,032,000 


222,000 





162 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Distribution of Salmon Fry in the Coastal Streams of Oregon — Continued. 





Coquille 


River. 


Rogue River and tributaries. 




Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Steeihead. 




Fry. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


Yearlings, 

finger- 
lings, and 
adults. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


is;; 






50, 000 
1,910,045 
2, 156, 945 

2,967,058 
4, 750, 763 
3,480,300 
9, 023, 428 
4, 758, 653 
47,500 
5,880,290 
6,597.027 
771,710 
1,430,292 








1898 












1900 












1901 


235,000 






128,000 
424,530 
680, 800 


65,850 


1902 






20, 250 


1903 


3,084,577 
1,000,000 
2,210,000 
2,978,700 
2, 840, 000 
2,450,000 






1904 






8,073 
531,000 


1905 






1,250,432 


1906 




75,000 


12, 625 


1907 




1,375,000 
158,000 
643,000 


105,300 


1908 


226,600 

1,185,800 


170, 051 


937, 680 


1900 


878, 847 


1910 






89, 850 














Total 


14,798,277 


1,412,400 


43,824,011 


245,051 


4,659,762 


2, 649, 475 







Total. 


Year ending June 30 — 


Chinook. 


Silverside. 


Steeihead. 




Fry. 


Yearlings, 
fingerlings, 
and adults. 


Fry. 


Fry. 


1877 


50, 000 
180, 000 
2,370,314 
2, 700, 000 
2, 156, 945 
4,594,058 
8,415,113 
9,427,654 
20,268,809 
16,343,382 
14,123,977 
20,261,747 
19,671,753 
7, 626, 825 
10,022,493 








1897 








1898 








1899 








1900 








1901 




128,000 

639, 330 

680, 800 

985,220 

5,571,407 

7,260,083 

7,009,279 

4,863,048 

9,855,649 

3,561,094 


65,850 


1902 




20, 250 


1903 






1904 . 




8,073 


1905 




1,311,500 


190!) 


75. 000 


1,443.130 


1907 . 


481,545 


1908 


170,051 


937, 680 


1909 


1,768,780 


1910. . . 




2, 399, 620 








Tota 1 


138,213,070 


245,051 


40,553,910 


8. 436, 428 







SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



163 



The following tables show the total output of the hatcheries in 
Oregon owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries and the 
State of Oregon: 

Output of Hatcheries Owned by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 



Year ending June 30 — 



1889. 
1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1895. 
1896. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 



Chinook. 



Silver. 



Eggs. 



1,000,000 
700,000 



23,000 



Total. 



27, 000 
1,800,000 
1.100.000 
L,866,000 
4,884, loo 
3,113,000 
30,000 
28,200 
1,061,390 

2,045, 

3,531,000 
3,953,992 



25,762,982 



Fry. 



4,500,000 
2, 776, 475 
4,901,525 
1,332,400 
4,100,000 
213.000 



a 2, 832, 
4,922, 

16,915, 
4,300, 
4, 126, 
1,669, 

11,587, 
5,453, 

15.270, 
9, S22, 
2,454, 
8,542, 
7.S44, 
5,021, 
4, 220, 



122,807,506 



Fingerlings, 
yearlings, 
and adults. 



Eggs. 



1,668 

250 



122,980 



627,856 
2,763 



1,312,892 



680,800 



Fry. 



146,824 
128,000 
424,530 



1,250,432 



158,000 

1,799,915 



680,800 3,907,701 



Fingerlings, 

yearlings, 
and adults. 



57.932 



58,232 



Year ending June 30- 



Steelhead trout. 



Eggs. 



1890. 
1891. 
1892. 
1893. 
1894. 
1S95. 
1896. 
1897. 
1818. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 



Fry. 



Total 2,126,193 



159,000 
415,000 
246, 000 
481,000 
400,000 



50, 000 
10.000 
50, 000 
263, 725 
51,468 



12,125 

99, 000 

65, 850 

20, 250 

262, 700 

23, 205 

534, 000 

1,294,485 

105, 300 

952, 680 

1,374,308 

2.074.188 



Fingerlings, 

yearlings, 
and adults. 



25, ooo 



62, 033 

11,090 



40.383 



6,818,091 



138,506 



Total. 



Eggs. 



1,000,000 
700,000 



23, 000 



186,000 
2,215,000 
1,346,000 
2,347,000 
5,965,200 
3,113,000 
80,000 
38,200 
1,711,390 
2,308,725 
3,582,468 
3,953,992 



28, 569, 975 



Fry. 



4,500,000 
2,776,475 
4,901,525 
1,332,400 
4,100,000 
213,000 



2.832,150 
4,922.634 

16,915,512 
4,312,325 
4,372,191 
1,863,707 

12,031,841 
5,716,560 

15, 293, 880 

11,607,068 
3,748,856 
8,647,404 
8.955,507 
8, 195, 878 
6,294,385 



Fingerlings, 
yearlings, 
and adults. 



557. 150 



26,668 



62, 283 

11,090 



163,663 



CN.5. 788 

2, 763 

225 



133,533,298 I 1,509,630 



a All but 17,000 of these were from eggs received from the California stations. 
b All raised from eggs received from the California stations. 



164 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Output of Hatcheries Owned by the State of Oregon. 



Year. 



1877 



18S0. 
1881. 



Chinook fry. 



1889. 
1890. 



1895. 
1896. 
1899. 



1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 



11, 

is 
6 48 

16 
c 27 
d25. 
e 21 
/20 
(7 24 



50,000 
79, 620 
876, 500 
834, 290 
554, 290 
300,000 
500,000 
990,000 
792,000 
500,000 
500,000 
700,000 
500,000 
562,000 
220,550 
502, 072 
730,791 
393, 249 
404,596 
156, 732 
209, 394 
108,990 
169,365 



Silverside 
fry. 



Steelhead 
trout fry. 



7,957,000 
3,288,600 

3,974,185 
5,509.085 
7, 503. 655 
6,446,628 
5,359,709 
'.I, 212.649 
3,631,827 



Total 244,634,439 : 52.883.338 



200,000 
245,000 
256,327 
300,850 
143,849 
1,495,735 
1,859,696 
376, 245 



1,403,129 
2,364,120 



8,644,951 



Total. 



50,000 

79,620 

1,876,500 

1,834,290 

2,554,290 

1,300,000 

4,500,000 

990,000 

792,000 

2,500,000 

2,500,000 

2, 700, 000 

2,700,000 

7,807,000 

19,433,877 

22,091,522 

52, 848, 825 

23,398,069 

36, 767, 947 

31,979,605 

26,569,103 

30, 724, 768 

30,16,5,312 



306, 162, 728 



a Eggs from which hatched obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

b 6,826,540 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

<■ 7.714,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

d 3,550.000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

e 3,020,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

/ 6,581,000 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

3 6,465,300 eggs were obtained from United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

COLUMBIA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES. 

The first fish-cultural work upon the Columbia River and in Oregon 
was at Clackamas, on the Clackamas River, a tributary of the Willa- 
mette River, which empties into the Columbia River about 180 miles 
from its mouth. 

This hatchery was built in 1876 by the Oregon & Washington Fish 
Propagating Co., which operated it until 1880. In 1887 the State 
provided for and there was appointed a State fish commission. 
Almost the first work of the commission was to spend $12,000 appro- 
priated by the legislature to put in repair and operate this hatchery. 
On July 1, 1888, it was informally turned over to the United States 
Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which paid over the purchase 
price, took formal possession in the following winter, and has oper- 
ated it ever since, with the exception of several years when the build- 
ing of dams stopped the progress of salmon to the hatchery. During 
this period a temporary station for the collection of eggs was estab- 
lished on Sandy River, about 15 miles away, and on Salmon River, 
a tributary of Sandy River, both tributaries of the Columbia River. 
Some eggs were also brought in from the California hatcheries and 
hatched at the Clackamas station. In 1901 the hatchery was moved 
about 4 miles down the river and has since been operated as both 
a rearing and a collecting station. In 1901 the State established 



SALMON FISHEKIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 165 

another hatchery on the Clackamas River about 30 miles below the 
main station and between the North and South Forks. In 1904 all 
were turned over to the United States. In 1907 an experimental 
station for the collection of eggs of the early variety of chinook salmon 
was established by the State of Oregon on the Clackamas River below 
the Portland Railway, Light & Power Co.'s dam at Cazadero, but this 
is now operated by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. 

In 1889 the State established a hatchery in the cannery of Mr. 
F. M. Warren, at Warrendale, in Multnomah County, on the Colum- 
bia River, which was operated in that year and in 1890. 

In 1895 some of the Oregon salmon packers combined and organ- 
ized the Columbia River Packers' Propagating Co., which estab- 
lished a hatchery on the upper Clackamas River at the junction of 
the Warm Springs and the Clackamas and operated it in 1895 and 
1896. The Government operated it in 1897 and 1898, after which 
it was turned over to the State and moved to the opposite side of 
the river. 

In 1898 the collection of steelhead trout eggs was first undertaken 
on the northwest coast by the State of Oregon on Salmon River, a 
tributary of the Columbia River, and met with fair success. In 
March, 1899, the Government sent a party to the falls of the Willa- 
mette River, near Oregon City, to collect steelhead eggs, and also 
operated for this purpose at its substation on the Salmon River, but 
the latter effort met with failure, as the rack was washed away. 
This station was turned over to the State on June 15, 1899. 

In 1901 the State of Oregon did some experimental work at Swan 
Falls, on Snake River, the boundary for a considerable distance 
between Oregon and Idaho. During the winter and early spring of 
1902 the State also worked Tucannon River, which is a tributary of 
Snake River, for steelhead, but met with poor success. Snake 
River was worked again in 1902 at the foot of Morton Island, which 
is situated 2 miles above Ontario, in Malheur County. Title to the 
necessary property was secured from the W"ar Department in 1903 
and permanent buildings were erected. 

In 1901 the State of Oregon established an experimental hatchery 
in Wallowa County, on the Grande Ronde River, at the mouth of a 
small tributary called the Wenaha River, which enters the main 
stream about 50 miles from its mouth. A permanent station was 
established in the canyon about l?r miles below the Wallowa bridge 
on the Wallowa River, a tributary of the Grande Ronde River, in 
1903. 

In 1902 the State of Oregon erected a permanent plant on Salmon 
River at its junction with Boulder (reek. 

In the same year the State established an experimental station 
on the McKenzie River, a tributary of the Willamette River, about 



166 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

one-half mile above Vida post office. This experimental work was; 
resumed in 1905 at a point 2 miles below Gate Creek. The hatchery 
was permanently established at a spot about 30 miles from Eugene 
and near the town of Leaburg a year or two later. 

In 1906 an experimental station was established by the State on 
Breitenbush Creek a short distance above its junction with the 
Santiam River, a tributary of the Willamette River, but the plant 
was destroyed very shortly after its establishment, by a forest fire. 
An experimental station was reestablished here in 1909, but a heavy 
freshet raised the river so high that the penned fish escaped around 
the rack. 

In 1909 the State of Oregon built at Bonneville, on Tanner Creek, 
a tributary of the Columbia River, a large central hatchery capable 
of handling 60,000,000 eggs, it being the intention of the State to 
hatch at this plant the eggs collected at other stations. 

The first entrance of Washington (then a Territory) into fish- 
cultural operations was in 1879, when the State fish commissioner 
paid the Oregon & Washington Fish Propagating Co., which was 
operating the hatchery on the Clackamas River, $2,000 for salmon 
fry deposited in that river. In 1S93 the State legislature estab- 
lished a hatchery fund which was to be supplied by licenses from 
certain lines of the fishery business. In 1895 its first hatchery in 
the Columbia River Basin was built on the Kalama River, about 4 
miles distant from its junction with the Columbia, and in Cowlitz 
County. Another station for the collection and eyeing of eggs was 
established on the Chinook River, a small stream which empties into 
Baker Bay near the mouth of the Columbia. 

During the fiscal year 1897 the United States Fish Commission 
established a station on Little White Salmon River, a stream which 
empties into the Columbia, on the Washington side, about 14 miles 
above the Cascades. During the fiscal year 1901 an auxiliary station 
was operated on Big White Salmon River, while fishing was carried 
on in Eagle and Tanner Cieeks, in Oregon, the eggs obtained from 
these creeks being brought to the Little White Salmon hatchery. 

In 1899 the State of Washington built and operated hatcheries 
on the Wenatchee River, a tributary of the Columbia River, about 
1^ miles from Chiwaukum station on the Great Northern Railway, 
and on Wind River, a tributary of the Columbia, about 1 mile from 
the junction. 

In 1900 Washington State hatcheries were established in the 
Columbia River basin as follows: White River hatchery, which was 
built on Coos Creek, which empties into a tributary of the White 
River, the location being about 2£ miles from where the Green 
River joins the White River; Methow River hatchery, built on the 
Methow River at the point where it is joined by the Twisp, about 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



167 



22 miles from the Columbia River; Colville River hatchery, built 
on the north bank of Colville River, about 1£ miles from its mouth, 
and about 1 mile from Kettle Falls; Klickitat River hatchery, 
located on the east bank of the Klickitat River, about 6 miles from 
its mouth; and one on the Little Spokane River, about 10 miles from 
its mouth and about 9 miles north of the city of Spokane. The 
Klickitat River hatchery never was operated, while most of the 
others were operated intermittently. 

In 1906 a hatches was established by the State of Washington 
on the Lewis River, some distance above the town of Woodland. 

The following table shows the plants of salmon and steelhead 
trout in the Columbia River and its tributaries by the Bureau of 
Fisheries and the States of Oregon and Washington: 

Table Showing the Plants of Salmon Fry ix the Columbia River Basin 

Since 1S77. 





Columbia River and tributaries. 




Year ending June 30 — 


Chinook fry. 


Silverside 
fry. 


Steelhead 
trout fry. 


Total. 


1S77 


300,000 

79,620 

3,070,500 

l.S.34,290 

2,. ',54. 290 

1,3011.1)1)1) 

4,500,000 

3, 756, 475 

.",691.000 

1,332,400 

4.100,000 

213,000 

a 2,523,000 

b 10,389,300 

10.641,394 

26,212,074 

19, 97!), 2 11 

22,510,869 

c24,978,978 

44,328,085 

40,171,313 

71,694,587 

17,107,217 

/ 36, 372. 785 

23,171,23.3 

i 34, 852, 008 

;' 33,098,943 

2 37,744,002 






300, 000 

79, 620 

3,076,500 


i s;s 






1879 






1880 






1,834 290 


I SSI 






2,551 290 


ISSN 






1,300,000 


1SS9 






4,500 000 


1890 






3,756 175 


1891 






5,694,000 


1892 






1,332,400 


1893 : 






1 100 000 


1S94 






213 000 


1895 






2,523 ooo 


L896 






10,389,300 


L897 






10,641 394 


1898 






26,212,074 


1899 




8 :■■>, 

299.01)11 

245,000 

256,327 

d 600, 583 

158,981 

e 768,235 

'< 1,769,191 

26,640 

15,000 

k 1,058,657 

m 2,063,688 


19.9S7.soi'. 


1900 

1901 

1902 

1903 

1904 

1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 


7,175,824 
5,559,750 
17,545,724 
8,721,720 
8,422.085 
L,354,610 
g 828, 872 
2.657,349 
1,705,543 
2,439,415 
3,374,733 


29.9S5.693 
30,783,728 
62, 130, 136 
49,496,616 

80,275,653 
19.230,062 
38,971,151 
25,855,224 
30,572,551 
36, 597, 015 
43, 182, 423 


Total 


484,518,606 


59,785,625 


7. 270, 230 


551,574,461 



a Includes 23,000 eggs. 

b Includes 557,150 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
e Includes 1,668 yearlings, fingerlings. or adults. 
d Includes 37,033 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults.* 
e Includes 50,000 eggs. 

/ Includes 48,200 eggs and 47,980 yearlings, fingerlings. or adults. 
g Includes 300 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, 
ft Includes 24,383 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, and 58,000 eggs. 
i Includes 1,995,746 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
i Includes 16,949 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 
* Includes 50,000 eggs. 

I Includes 225 yearlings, fingerlings, or adults, 
m Includes 25,000 eggs. 



168 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

WASHINGTON. 

Wittapa River. — In 1899 Washington established a hatchery on 
Trap Creek, a tributary of the Willapa River, situated about 200 
yards from the creek's mouth. 

Chehalis River. — The construction of a hatchery on the Chehalis 
River, about 4 miles above the city of Montesano, was begun by the 
State in October, 1897, but owing to bad weather and extreme high 
water was not completed until late in 1898. The hatchery was a 
failure until 1902 when a fair season was had, as was again true in 
1903. It was not operated in 1904. Since the State began taking 
eggs from the Satsop River, a tributary of the Chehalis, it has been 
possible to fill the hatchery each season. 

Puget Sound and tributaries. — In 1896 the State established a 
hatchery on Baker Lake, which is the head of Baker River, a tribu- 
tary of the Skagit River, and this was the first establishment for 
the hatching of sockeye salmon. In July, 1899, it was sold to tire 
United States Fish Commission. In 1901 steelhead trout eggs were 
collected on Phinney Creek, about 5 miles from the town of Birds- 
view, and some 30 miles from Baker Lake. In 1901 an auxiliary 
station was opened at Birdsview, on Skagit River, and steelhead 
trout eggs were collected on Phinney and Grandy Creeks and brought 
to Baker Lake to be hatched. 

In 1898 a private hatchery (the necessary money being raised by 
subscription among the residents of Fairhaven, now Bellingham, 
and vicinity) was built near Lake Samish, a few miles from Fair- 
haven. 

In 1899 a hatchery was built by the State on Kendall Creek, a 
tributary of the Nooksack River, about 300 yards from same, and 
about 2 miles from the railway station of Kendall. Except in 1903, 
this hatchery has since been operated continuously. An eyeing 
station was built in 1907 on the south fork of the Nooksack River, 
about 1 mile from Acme. 

In the same year the State built a hatchery on the Skokomish 
River, about 4 miles from its mouth. An eyeing station was also 
erected on the north fork of the same river. The main station was 
not operated in 1904 and only on a small scale in 1903 and 1905. 

The State in 1899 built a hatchery on Friday Creek, a tributary 
of the Samish River, situated about 1 mile from the mouth of the 
creek. 

The following State hatcheries were first operated in 1900. Sno- 
homish hatchery, built on the west bank of the Skykomish River, a 
few miles from its mouth; Nisqually River hatchery, built on Muck 
Creek, about one-half mile from the Nisqually River, and about 4 
miles from the town of Roy, in Pierce County; and the Stillaguamish 
hatchery, located on the Stillaguamish River, about 4 miles from the 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



169 



town of Arlington, in Snohomish County. The latter has since 
been moved to Jim Creek, a tributary of the south branch of the 
Stillaguamish River. 

The Startup hatchery, located near Startup, on the Skykomish 
River, was formerly used as a collecting station for the Snohomish 
hatchery. It is still used for this purpose, but also retains and 
hatches a considerable quantity of spawn. The station is about 4 
miles from the Snohomish hatchery. 

In 1900 the State established a fisheries experimental station at 
Keyport Landing, on the east arm of Port Orchard Bay, with Pear- 
son as the nearest post office. The work of the station is devoted 
to salmon and oysters. 

The State established a hatchery on the Dungeness River, about 
7 miles from the town of Dungeness, in Clallam County, in 1901. 
In 1906 it constructed a hatchery on a small tributary of the Skagit 
River, between Hamilton and Lyman. The station built on Sauk 
River, a tributary of the Skagit, has been operated only occasionally 
since the Skagit hatchery was built. 

The United States Bureau of Fisheries has now (1911) under con- 
struction hatcheries on the Duckabush and Quilcene Rivers in 
Hoods Canal. 

The following tables show the total output of the salmon hatch- 
eries in the State of Washington owned by the United States Bureau 
of Fisheries and the hatcheries owned by the State itself: 

Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Washington Owned by the United States 

Bureau of Fisheries. 





Chinook. 


Sockeye, or blueback. 


Silver. 


Year ending 
June 30— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
ings, 
yearlings, 

and 
adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 
and 

adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


1897 




1,848,760 
7,391,886 

1,791,050 
(i. 020, 947 
5,427,680 
15,637,687 
16,774,030 
17,386,183 
4.230.270 
14,846,905 
6,512,738 
12,372,503 
11,505,553 
9, 175, 610 














1898 
















1899 


4,926,000 

2,686,000 
6,581,000 














1900 






10.683,000 
3,834,453 

3,371,000 

;i,7.;i,7s'.i 
3,855,000 
7,819,281 
3,285,130 

4, 224. 255 
S. 51 4, 305 
5,430,020 
4, 554, 825 








1901 










174,041 


1902 












1903... 












81 , 812 


1904 


7,506,000 










3,984,645 


I! to;, 






10,000 
9,500 


107,000 
239, 180 
760, 000 
296,000 
272,000 
275, 000 


8,071,081 


L906 


7,714,000 
3,550,000 
1,485,000 
3,050.000 
3,818,250 




880, 000 


0, 445, 574 


1907 




3,636,952 


1908 


1.537.941 
14, 186 


75.000 
100,000 




13, 202, 714 


1909 




7,001,110 


1910 




10, 888, 025 












Total . . 


41,311,250 


131,593,814 


1,552,127 


1,055,000 


59,303,664 


19, 500 


1,949,180 


54,205,954 



170 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Wash ngton Owned by the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries — Continued. 





Humpback. 


Steelhead trout. 


Total. 


Year ending 
June 30— 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 

and 
adults. 


Eggs. 


Fry. 


Finger- 
lings, 
yearlings, 

and 
adults. 


1897 














1,848,760 

7,391,886 

1,791,056 

17,335,947 

'.1.436,174 

19,118,687 

21,027,631 

25, 472, 425 

20.129,843 

26,087,599 

15,315,450 

41,051,200 

25,374,980 

27, 423, 498 




















1899 












4,926,000 
2,686,000 

6,581,000 




1900 








26,000 






1901 












1902 








110,000 

440, 000 

70, 000 

3, 205 

540, 000 

941,505 

136,916 

717,691 

1,437,038 






1903. . . 






80, 000 
255,000 
414, 400 
348,000 
200,000 
224,000 
220, 000 
300, 000 


223,815 


80,000 
7,761,000 
521,400 
9,183,180 
4,510,000 
2,582,000 
3,642,000 
4,388,250 


223, 815 


1904 




176,597 




1905 






10,000 


1906 


2,000 


969, 990 




9,500 


1907 






1908 


502, 666 


i 764 762 




1,537,941 


1909 




14,186 


1910 




1,368,000 














Total... 


504, 000 


9, 279, 349 


2,041.400 


4,422,355 


223,815 


46,860.830 


258,805,136 


1,795,442 



Output of the Salmon Hatcheries Owned by the State of Washington. 



Year ending 
June 30— 


Chinook 
fry. 


Dug fry. 


Hump- 
back fry. 


Silverside, 

or coho, 

fry. 


Sockeye, 
or blue- 
back, fry. 


Steelhead 
trout fry. 


Total. 


1896 


4,500,000 
4.050,000 
4.275,000 
8,595.000 
12.251,600 
12,275,400 
14,766,822 
14,283,499 
13,261,184 
7,101. ISO 
10,943,550 
8,897,670 
18,647,600 
17,440,950 
21,168,350 












4, 500, 000 


1897 








5.500,000 
5,400,000 




9, 550, 000 


1898 










9,675,000 


1899 






189, 000 
13, 778, 280 
19, 747, 894 
32, 964, 593 
28,659,079 
15,725,196 
12.226.294 
28, 906, 380 
28,668,600 
29,273.202 
24.543,200 
30,894,100 




8,784,000 


1900 


10,301.760 
16,478,280 

9,937,390 
9,937,390 






1,736,560 
1,398,476 
2,481,371 
3, 134, 076 
3,868,866 
2,433.635 
2, 769, 784 
3,575,943 
4,578,075 
4,080,450 
4,855,000 


38, 068, 200 


1901 






49, 900, 050 


1902 






60.150,176 


1903 






56,014,044 


1904 


295,2(10 




33,150,446 


1905 






21,761,109 


1906 


3,268,800 
6,120,000 
4,342,350 
8,218,000 
8,607,500 






45,888,514 


1907 






47,262,213 


1908. . 


2.655.900 




59,497,127 


1909. 




54,282.600 


1910. 


519,600 




66,044,550 








Total 


172, 457, 805 


77,211,470 


3,470.700 


265,575,818 


10,900,000 


34,912,236 


564, 528, 029 



Note. — As the printed reports of the State in many instances report as the output the number of eggs 
gathered, it has been necessary in such cases to make an arbitrary reduction from these figures, in order to 
.allow for the loss in the egg stage. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



171 



The following table shows the plantings made in waters of Wash- 
ington other than the Columbia River by the United States Bureau 
of Fisheries and the State of Washington : 



Plants of Salmon Fry in 



the Waters of Washington Other Than the 
Columbia River. 



Year ending June 30 — 



1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1900. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 



Total. 



Puget Sound and tributaries. 



Chinook. 



r, 470, 000 



300,000 
2,141,322 
2,113,850 
1,865,933 
2,590,738 
4, si 9, 290 
3,907, 59S 
8,356,709 
9,647,288 
11,681,060 



Sockeye. 



5,500,000 
5,400,000 



10,683,000 

3,834,453 
3,371,000 
3,731,789 
3,855,000 



i 3,582,630 



8,514,305 
5,430,626 
4,554,825 



54 , 893 ,788 58 , 1 57 , 1 128 251 i , 284 , 392 



Silver, or 
coho. 



Hump- 
back. 



Dog 



G 
14 
23 
21 
14 
1(1. 
<*29 
20 
37 
28 
36 



189,000 

749,280 
360, 185 
161,069 
507,771 
071,845 
441,375 
770,414 
960,552 
613, 466 
622,310 
837,125 



471,797 



10,301,760 
16,478,280 
9,937,390 



969,990 

4,224,255 
9,420,662 



1,887,600 



1,800,000 

5,220,601) 
2,278,350 
6,048,000 

7,748,500 



16,974,304 ■ 69,749,670 



Steelhead. 



1,572,560 
1,398,476 
2,591,371 

-'3, 320, 091 
3,518,476 

6 1,329,940 

«3, 177,174 
3,964,308 
4,566,491 

f 4, 499,141 

6, 292.33S 



36,236,366 



Year ending June 30— 



1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 



Total. 



Chehalis River. 



Chinook. 



1,215,000 
2,355,300 

1,909,800 



900,000 



103,00(1 
148,000 
403,000 



Silver, or 
coho. 



3,563,380 

2,250,000 
3,275,000 
1,800,000 
1,577,000 



11,465,380 



Dog. 



1,468,800 

900,000 
2,064,000 
1,757,000 

859,000 



7,04,8,800 



Willapa River. 



Chinook. 



881, 
653, 

2,163, 
819, 
030, 
520. 
393, 
678, 

322, 

455, 



7,520,233 



Silver, or 
coho. 



1,800,000 

204,876 

1,800,000 

2,1 lid, 000 

2,250,000 

654,500 

504,000 

64,000 



9,437,376 



Steelhead. 



190,000 



500,000 
420, 390 
288,000 

171,550 
526, 500 
148,500 
399,000 



2,643.940 



Year ending June 30- 



1878. 
1897. 
1898. 
1899. 
1900. 
1901. 
1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 
1908. 
1909. 
1910. 



Total. 



Total by species. 



Chinook. Sockeye. 



g 3,000 



8,685,000 

3,236,300 
2,863,200 
2,141,322 
4,276,869 
3,5X5,437 
3,220,738 
5.34S, 940 
4,301,258 
9,198,309 
10, 117,488 
12,539,260 



5,500,000 
5.400.000 



lo, cs;:, ooo 
3,834,453 
3,371,000 
3,731,789 
3,855,000 

t S8S 6S0 



8,514,305 
5,430,626 
4,554,825 



69,517,121 58,457,628 



Silver, or 
coho. 



189,000 

0,749,280 
14,360,185 
23, 161,069 
23,307,771 
14,276,721 
18,241,375 
34,493,794 
31,460,552 
41,542,966 
30,920,310 
38, 478, 125 



Hump- 
back. 



471.797 



969,990 
4,224,255 

9,420,662 



1,887,600 



7,187,148 16,974,304 76,798,470 38,880,301 



Dog. 



10,301,760 
16,478,280 
9,937,390 

9,937,390 



3,268,800 

6,120,000 
4,342,350 

7.S05.000 

8,607,500 



Steelhead 



1,762,560 
1,398, 170 
2,591,371 
3,826,091 
3,938,866 
1,617,940 
3,348,724 
4,490,808 
4,714,991 
4, SOS, 141 
6, 292, 338 



Grand 
total. 



3,000 
5,500,000 
5,400,000 
8,874,000 
32,732,900 
38,934,594 
41,202,152 
45,079,910 
26,127,821 
23,080,053 
51,012,878 
50, 596, 873 
77,733,583 
59,177,565 
72,359,648 



537, SI 4, 977 



a Of these, 218,200 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 

6 Of these, 14,400 were eggs. 

c Of these, 9,500 were, yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 

d Of these, 14,840 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 

« Of these, 15,000 were yearlings, fingerlings, or adults. 

/ Includes 100,000 eggs. 

g These were brought from the Clackamas (Oregon) station and planted in some unnamed lake. 



172 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

BRITISH COLUMBIA. 

Fraser River. — The first hatchery established by the Dominion of 
Canada on the Pacific coast was erected in 1884 at what is now Bon 
Accord, a point on the lower river some 4 miles above New West- 
minster, and on the opposite shore. The next built was in 1901 on 
Granite Creek, Shuswap Lake, which discharges into the Fraser 
through the South Thompson River, the lake being about 280 miles 
from New Westminster. In 1904 another hatchery was established 
on Harrison Lake on the Lillooet River, first large tributary of the 
Fraser on the north side; also one about 4 miles east of the lower 
extremities of Pemberton Meadows, at the junction of Owl Creek 
and the Birkenhead River, 4 miles above its confluence with the 
eastern branch of the Lillooet River, which in turn discharges into 
Lillooet Lake. In 1907 a hatchery was built on Stuart Lake, near 
the headwaters of the Fraser. 

The Province of British Columbia owns Seton Lake Hatchery, 
which was established in 1903 on Lake Creek, on the north side, about 
half a mile from the outlet of Seton Lake, and it has been operated 
continuously ever since. Seton Lake is a part of the Fraser River 
chain and is some 300 miles above the mouth of the river. Lake 
Creek, the outlet of Seton Lake, empties into the Cayoosh Creek, a 
tributary of the Fraser, 45 miles north of the hitter's junction with 
the Thompson, and 1 mile south of the town of Lillooet. 

Nimpkish River. — In 1902 Mr. S. A. Spencer, of the Alert Bay 
cannery (now belonging to the British Columbia Packers' Associa- 
tion), in return for certain special fishery privileges granted by the 
Dominion, established a hatchery on this river, which is located on 
the northeast shore of Vancouver Island. The hatchery was burned 
down in 1903, but was immediately rebuilt. Since its establishment 
it has been operated by the Dominion. 

Rivers Inlet. — A hatchery was established by the Dominion on 
McTavish Creek, one of the tributaries of Oweekayno Lake, about 20 
miles up Rivers Inlet, in 1905, and has been operated ever since. 

STceena River. — In 1902 the Dominion established a hatchery on 
Lakelse Lake, in the Skeena River basin, about 65 miles up the river 
from Port Essington. In 1907 another was constructed on Babine 
Lake, the source of the Skeena River. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



173 



The following table shows the plantings made in the waters of 
British Columbia from the Dominion and provincial hatcheries : 

Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters of British Columbia. 





Fraser River. 


Year. 


Dog. 


Coho. 


Spring, or 
king. 


Hump- 
bark. 


Sockeye. 


Steel- 
head 

trout. 


Total. 


1885 








1,800,000 
2,625,000 
4,414,000 
5,807,000 

4,419, 

6,640,000 
3,603,800 

6.000.0(H) 
5,674,000 

li. 300, 000 

6,390,000 

10,39:',. ooo 
5,928,000 
5,850,000 

1,71.', 01 10 
6,200, ooo 

[No fish.] 
15,808,000 
12,521.000 
13.729.200 

9,244.300 
100,479,000 
36,965,900 
51,855,200 
41,909,500 




1,800,000 

2.625.000 


1886 








1SS7 1 








4,414,000 


Isvs 








5,807.000 


1889 








4,419,000 


1890 








6 6to ooo 


1891 ' 








3,603,800 

6.000,000 


1892 


















5 071 ooo 


1894 











6,300,000 


1895 










6,390,1 

10,393,000 
5,928,000 


1896 ' 








L897 ■ 








ISDN 








5,850,000 


L899 








4, 74-'. 000 


1900 








6,200,000 


1901 










1902 


90,000 

1,750,000 

210,000 

5,576,100 

4.774.000 

5,890,000 

7,37.".. 400 
450,000 






75. 000 
[2,000 

4.000 


15,973,000 


1903 


75.DIK) 


22,000 


50,000 


14.368,000 


1904.. . 


14,001,200 


1905 




4,381,400 
1,791,500 
1,814,900 

2. S 15, 000 
5,772,400 
6,300.000 


19,201,800 


1906 






107,048,500 








42,000,000 


1908 


22,500,000 


S3, 000,' '00 


1909 




55,057,300 


1910 






112,062,500 








Total 


75,000 


29.334,700 


22,897,200 


22.550.000 


474,610.400 


91,000 


5 19 558 300 







Year. 


Skeena River. 


Rivers Inlet. 


Nimpkish 
River. 


Sockeye. 


Sockeye. 


Spring, or 
king. 


Total. 


Sockeye. 




3.450,000 
4.000,000 
3,767.000 
3,784,450 
4,125,750 
8,946.950 
11,882,400 
"11,521,700 








1 636 ooo 


1904 








2,496,000 


1905 








2,850,000 


1906 


S, 000, 000 
8,440.000 
8,594,000 
13,300.000 

12,750,000 




8, 000. ooo 


4.873.400 


1907 




s, 440,000 1 4,870,000 


1908 


4,706,000 


13.300,000 , 4,800,000 
13,300.000 ' 4,500,000 


L909. . 


1910 




12,750,000 5. 055. ooo 








Total 


51,479,150 51.0S4.000 


4,706,000 


55,790,000 , 31.080,400 



a Includes 80,000 coho fry. 



174 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

Plants of Salmon Fry Made in the Waters op British Columbia — Con. 




ALASKA. 

In 1891 several of the canneries operating at Karluk, on Kodiak 
Island, combined forces and built a hatchery on the lagoon at that 
place. As the cannery men were at swords' points in regard to their 
fishing rights on the spit, in 1892 the hatchery was closed. In May, 
1896, the Alaska Packers' Association broke ground for a hatchery 
at the eastern end of the lagoon, near the outlet of Karluk Kiver, a 
short distance from where the hatchery was located in 1891, and has 
operated this plant ever since. 

In 1892 Capt. John C. Callbreath, manager of the Point Ellis 
cannery, on Kuiu Island, operated a small hatchery on the left bank of 
Kutlakoo stream. It was a very primitive place, and an exception- 
ally high tide destroyed the whole plant in September. It was never 
rebuilt. 

Capt. Callbreath, however, after seeing to the operation of the hatch- 
ery, had returned to Wrangell during the summer, where his attention 
was again attracted to hatchery work, and in the fall of 1892 he 
built a small hatchery on Jadjeska stream, Etolin Island, about 200 
yards from its mouth. The stream is about one-half mile in length 
and is the outlet of a small lake. Finding the location unsuitable 
Capt. Callbreath removed the hatchery in 1893 to the northern side 
of the lake, about three-eighths of a mile from the head of the outlet, 
where it still stands. The owner's intention was to build up a stream 
which had a small natural run of red salmon until it had a large run, 



SALMON" FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 175 

with the hope that the Government would then give him the exclusive 
right to take these fish from the stream for commercial purposes. 
The experiment was kept up until the end of the season of 1905, 
when Capt. Callbreath's failing eyesight compelled the cessation of 
the actual hatching. Since then a man has been stationed on the 
stream during the run of spawning fish for the purpose of lifting them 
over the dam, so that they could reach the spawning beds at the 
head of the lake. The owner's expectation of a big run as a result 
of hatching operations was never realized. 

In 1896 the Baranof Packing Company, which operated a cannery 
on Redfish Bay, on the western coast of Baranof Island, built a small 
hatchery on the lake at the head of Redfish stream. The following 
winter was so cold that not only the flume, but the whole cataract, 
froze solid, and as the hatchery was thus left without water the eggs 
were put into the lake and left to their fate and the hatchery closed 
down permanently. 

In 1S97 the North Pacific Trading & Packing Company, at Klawak, 
Prince of Wales Island, established a hatchery near the head of Klawak 
stream, close to Klawak Lake. In 1898 the plant was moved to the 
mouth of a small stream entering the lake about halfway up the 
western shore. This hatchery has been operated continuously ever 
since. In 1909 the North Alaska Salmon Co. acquired a half interest 
in it. 

The Pacific Steam Whaling Company in 1898 erected a small hatch- 
ery on Iletta Lake, on the west side of Prince of Wales Island, which 
was operated until the close of the hatching season of 1903-4, when 
the Pacific Packing & Navigation Company, successor to the original 
owner, went into the hands of a receiver. In 1907 it was reopened by 
the Northwestern Fisheries Company, which had acquired the inter- 
ests of the old company, and has been operated each season since. 

Lip to 1900 the work of hatching salmon was entirely voluntary 
on the part of the packers. On May 2 of that year the following 
regulation was promulgated at the Treasury Department, which at 
that time had control of the Alaska salmon-inspection service: 

7. Each person, company, or corporation taking salmon in Alaskan waters shall 
establish and conduct, at or near the fisheries operated by him or them, a suitable 
artificial propagating plant or hatchery; and shall produce yearly and place in the 
natural spawning waters of each fishery so operated red salmon fry in such numbers 
as shall be equal to at least four times the number of mature fish taken from the said 
fisheries, by or for him or them, during the preceding fishing season. The manage- 
ment and operation of such hatcheries shall be subject to such rules and regulations 
as may hereafter be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. They shall be open 
for inspection by the authorized official of this department; annual reports shall lie 
made, giving full particulars of the number of male and female salmon stripped, the 
number of eggs treated, the number and percentage of fish hatched, and all other con- 
ditions of interest; and there shall be made a sworn yearly statement of the number of 
fry planted and the exact location where said planting was done. 
101379°— 11 12 



176 SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 

On January 24, 1902, this regulation was amended so as to require 
the planting of "red salmon fry in such numbers as shall be equal 
to at least ten times the number of salmon of all varieties taken from 
the said fisheries." 

Although the regulation was mandatory, but few of the packers 
obeyed it, some because no suitable place was to be found within a 
reasonable distance of their plants, others because the establishment 
and operation of such a hatchery would cost more than their returns 
from the industry justified, and others because of lack of knowledge 
required in hatchery work. The greater number of them absolutely 
ignored it, and as a result those who conformed to the regulation were 
placed under a heavy financial handicap. The injustice of this 
arrangement was patent on its face, and in 1906, when a comprehen- 
sive revision of the law was made by Congress, provision was made 
for reimbursing in the future those cannery men who operated sal- 
mon hatcheries. The section covering this point reads as follows: 

Sec. 2. That the catch and pack of salmon made in Alaska by the owners of pri- 
vate salmon hatcheries operated in Alaska shall be exempt from all license fees and 
taxation of every nature at the rate of ten cases of canned salmon to every one thousand 
red or king salmon fry liberated, upon the following conditions: 

That the Secretary of Commerce and Labor may from time to time, and on the 
application of the hatchery owner shall, within a reasonable time thereafter, cause 
such private hatcheries to be inspected for the purpose of determining the character 
of their operations, efficiency, and productiveness, and if he approve the same shall 
cause notice of such approval to be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the 
United States district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein any such 
hatchery is located, and shall also notify the owners of such hatchery of the action 
taken by him. The owner, agent, officer, or superintendent of any hatchery the 
effectiveness and productiveness of which has been approved as above provided 
shall, between the thirtieth day of June and the thirty-first day of December of each 
year, make proof of the number of salmon fry liberated during the twelve months 
immediately preceding the thirtieth day of June, by a written statement under oath. 
Such proof shall be filed in the office of the clerk or deputy clerk of the United States 
district court of the division of the District of Alaska wherein such hatchery is located, 
and when so filed shall entitle the respective hatchery owners to the exemption as 
herein provided; and a false oath as to the number of salmon fry liberated shall be 
deemed perjury and subject the offender to all the pains and penalties thereof. Dupli- 
cates of such statements shall also be filed with the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. 

It shall be the duly of such clerk or deputy clerk in whose office the approval and 
proof heretofore provided for are filed to forthwith issue to the hatchery owner, caus- 
ing such proofs to be filed, certificates which shall not be transferable and of such 
denominations as said owner may request (no certificate to cover fewer than one 
thousand fry), covering in the aggregate the number of fry so proved to have been 
liberated; and such certificates may be used at any time by the person, company, cor- 
poration, or association to whom issued for the payment pro tanto of any license fees 
or taxes upon or against or on account of any catch or pack of salmon made by them 
in Alaska; and it shall be the duty of all public officials charged with the duty of col- 
lecting or receiving such license fees or taxes to accept such certificates in lieu of 
money in payment of all license fees or taxes upon or against the pack of canned 
salmon at the ratio of one thousand fry for each ten cases of salmon. No hatchery 



SALMON FISHEEIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



177 



owner shall obtain the rebates from the output of any hatchery to which ho might 
otherwise be entitled under this act unless the efficiency of said hatchery has first 
been approved by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor in the manner herein pro- 
vided for. 

In 1901 the Pacific Steam Whaling Company established two small 
hatcheries — one on Nagel stream, which enters the northern side of 
Quadra Lake, on the mainland of southeast Alaska, and one on a 
stream entering Freshwater Lake Bay, Chatham Strait. Both were 
closed down in 1904 when the company failed. In 1908 the North- 
western Fisheries Company, winch had acquired the Quadra plant, 
removed it to a small stream entering the head of the lake and has 
operated it ever since. 

In 1901 the Alaska Packers' Association erected a hatchery on 
Heckman Lake, the third of a series of lakes on Naha stream, Reviila- 
gigedo Island, and about 8 miles from Loring, where the association 
has a cannery. Tliis is without question the largest and costliest 
salmon hatchery in the world, having a capacity of 110.000,000 eggs. 
and the association is entitled to great credit for the public spirit it has 
shown and the work it has done, entirely without remuneration until 
1906, in building and operating not only this hatchery but also the 
one at Karluk. 

The Union Packing Company, at Kell Bay, on Kuiu Island, and 
Mr. F. C. Barnes, at Lake Bay, on Prince of Wales Island, in 1902 built 
and operated small hatcheries, both of winch were abandoned after 
one season's work. 

Up to 1905 the work of hatching salmon in Alaska was confined to 
the salmon cannery men. In that year, however, the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries erected a hatchery on Yes Lake, which empties 
through a short stream into Yes Bay, on Cleveland Peninsula. In 
1907 the bureau constructed another hatchery, on Afognak Lake, near 
Litnik Bay, Afognak Island. 

The following tables show the eggs gathered and the fry planted 
from the government and privately owned hatcheries in Alaska: 

output of the salmon hatcheries ix alaska owned by the united states 
Bureau of Fisheries, 1900 to 1910. 





Yes Lake hatchery Afognak hatchery. 


Year 
ending 


Red, or sockeye. 


Coho, or silver. 


Steelhead trout. 


Red, or soel 


Humpback. 


June 30— 


Eggs 
taken. 


Fry liber- 
ated. 


taken. 


Fry 
liber- 
ated. 


Eggs 
taken. 


Fry 
liber- 
ated. 




Fry liber- 
al ci 1. 


Eggs 
taken. 


Fry 
liber- 
ated. 


190f. 


7,031, 180 
58,210,000 
65,550,000 
50,000,000 
72,000,000 


5,638,550 
" 1,610.801 
01,369,000 


















1907 






182,000 


143,500 










1908. 










L909. 


18,653,000 
69,879,600 


17,000 


9,900 






46,380,000 

70,020,000 


39,325,870 
71,647,170 


12,000 
499, 400 


10,000 


1910 






303, 740 














Total. 


252,791,480 


211,150,950 


17,000 


9,900 


182,000 


143,500 


122,400,000 


UO,973,04o! 511,400 


373, 740 



178 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 



Output of the Salmon Hatcheries in Alaska Owned by the United States 
Bureau of Fisheries, 1906 to 1910 — Continued. 





Total by species. 


Grand total. 


Year 
ending 


Bed, or sockeye. 


Coho, or silver. 


Humpback. 


Steelhead trout. 




Eggs 
taken. 


Fry liber- 
ated. 


Eggs 
taken. 


Fry 

liber- 
ated. 


Eggs 
taken. 


Fry 

liber- 
ated. 


Eggs 
taken. 


Fry 
liber- 
ated. 


Eggs taken. 


Fry liber- 
ated. 


1906 


7,031,480 
58,210,000 
65,550,000 
96,380,000 

148,020,000 


6,638,550 
54,610,800 
61,369,000 

87,978,870 

141,520,770 














7,031,480 
58, 392, 000 
05,550,000 
96,409,000 
148,519,400 


6, 638, 550 










182,01)0 


143,500 


54,754,300 












61,309,000 


1909 
1910 


17,000 


9, 900 l 


10, 000 
363, 740 






87,998,770 




499, 400 






141,890,510 












Total . 


375.191,480 


352,123,990 17,000 


9,900 511,400 


373, 740 


182,000 


143,500 


375,901,880 


352.051,130 



Output of Private Salmon Hatcheries of Alaska, 1893 to 1910. 

Note.— Unless otherwise stated in footnotes, all of the fry liberated were red salmon. 



Year ended June 


C'allbreath's hatchery. 


Karluk hatchery. 


Klawak hatchery. 


30— 


Eggs taken. 


Fry liberated. 


Eggs taken. 


Fry liberated.. Eggs taken. 


Fry liberated. 


1893 qm nm 


600,000 
2,204,000 

5,291,000 
5,475.000 
4,390,000 
2,520,000 
2,050,000 
2,335,000 










1894 


3,000,000 

6, 300, 000 
6,200,000 
4,400,000 

3, 400, 000 
3,000,000 
3, 400, 000 

6,000,000 
6,000,000 
0,000,t Kin 
0,050,000 
7,700,000 










1895 










1890 

1897 

]898 










3, 230, 000 
8,454,000 
4,491,000 

10, -I'." ..'Mil 
19,334,000 
32, SOO, 000 

23,400,000 

2,s, 113,000 
45,500,000 
36,933,000 
38,679,200 
47, SOS 200 
40,320,000 
45,228,000 


2,556,440 
6,340,000 
3,369,000 
7, 872, 0L>0 
15,566,800 
28,700,000 
17,555,000 
22,000,000 
33,070,000 
28,236,412 
36,846,000 
43,655,000 
37,105,000 
40,020,000 






2,023,000 
3, 600, 000 
3,600,000 

(0 
3,500,000 
3,500,000 
3,000,000 
2,800,000 
2,800,000 
3,000,000 
3,500,000 
3,500,000 
5, 800, 000 


800,000 


1899 


3, 000, OCX) 


1900 


a 1,000,000 


1901 




1902 


5,500,000 
5,000,000 
5,000,000 
5,250,000 
6,500,000 

(«) 

h) 


2,800,000' 


1903 


1,500,000 


1901 


1,700,000 


1905 


2,000,000 


1906 


2,300,000 


1907 


1,187,000 


1908....: 

1909 

1910 

Total 




2,770,000 
3,200,000 
5,300,000 


/ 13, 350, 000 


52,121,000 


384, 793, 300 


324,091,052 41,223,000 


27,563,000 


Year ended June 
30— 


Helta hatchery. 


Quadra Bay hatchery. 


Freshwater Bay hatchery. 


Eggs taken. 


Fry liberated. 


Eggs taken. 


Fry liberated. 


Eggs taken. 


Fry liberated. 


















































































1899 


2,800,000 
2,000,000 
1,800,000 
2,500,000 
4,800,000 
5.127,500 
(?) 


2,000,000 
1,500,000 
a 500, 000 
1,700,000 
4,000,000 
3,750,000 

(?) 

(9) 

(9) 
0,125,000 
8,134,000 
9,000,000 










1900 










1901 










1902 


(,.",00,000 

.5,500,000 
coo, 001) 
(?) 
(?) 

(?) 

3,325,000 

10, S63, 000 


3,500,000 

4,( 

c 400, 000 

(?) 

(?) 

(?) 

(?) 
3,025,750 
9,850,000 


1,500,000 
(») 
W 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 


1,000,000 


1903 


m 


1904. .. 


(d) 


1905. 


(?) 


1906 

1907 

1908 

1909 

1910 

Total 


(?) 
(?) 
8,000,000 
8, 100,0110 
10,313,000 


(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 
(?) 


45,710,500 


37,309,000 


24,788,000 


20,775,750 


1,500,000 


1,000,000 



a Many eggs frozen. 
b No run of fish. 

c Hatchery was nr t used, the eggs being hatched 
out in the lake. 



d No report. 

« Fish coming in to spawn were lifted over the dam. 
/ A considerable proportion of these are coho eggs. 
g Not operated. 



SALMON FISHERIES OF PACIFIC COAST. 179 

Output of Private Salmon Hatcheries of Alaska, 1893 to 1910 — Continued. 



Year ended June 
30— 


Fortmann hatchery. 


Kell Bay hatchery. 


Total. 


Eggs taken. 


Fry liberated. 


Eggs taken. 


Fry liberated. 


Eggs taken. 


Fry Iibeiated. 


1893 








900,000 

3,000,000 

6,300,000 

6,200,000 

8,636,000 

13,877,000 

13,891,000 

19, too, Olio 

21,134,000 

62,260,000 

85,750,000 

65,043,500 

119,360,000 

116,] is, ooo 

147,729,200 

100,588,200 

80,010,000 

125,544,000 


600,000 


1894 i 








2,204,000 


1895 ! 








5,291,000 


1896 








5, 47."., 000 


1897. 








6,946, 140 

9,006,000 


1898 










1899 










11,019,000 

12,707,000 


1900 










1901 










16,066,800 


1902 


11, 11,0,0111) 

40,050,000 
22,203,000 
65,010,000 
68,715,000 

105,450,000 

6 41,280,000 

24,465,000 

53, 340, 000 


10,300,000 

• 2! (,00."!, OOO 

13,780,000 
63,181,000 
67,643,000 
80,973,000 

33,920, 

22,785,000 
50,725,000 






53,500,000 




2.500,000 

(a) 

(a) 
(a) 

(<*) 
(a) 

(a) 


2.000.000 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 

(a) 

(a) 


63, 060, 000 
40,030,00ft 
101,101,000 
104,679, U2 


1904. 


1906 


1907 


110,000,000 




86 476 000 


1909 

1910 


74,249,750 
115,495,000 


Total 


431,973,000 


372,312,000 


2,500,000 


2,000,000 


995,807,800 


837,172,402 



a Not operated. 



b Includes 30,000 coho eggs taken and 27,000 fry liberated. 



o 



LBJL 12 



<y 






